Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction

Peter, Valsa S.

• Effect of L-Tryptophan Feeding on Brain Mitochondrial Ion Transport in Net-Confined Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

Samuel Anupriya ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN
2 Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 17-28

Abstract

Serotonin (5-HT), a neurohormone with many physiological actions, is synthesized from the dietary essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). However, the effects of TRP on neuronal ion transporters and its role in stress response have not yet been identified in the teleost fish. The effects of varied doses of TRP on the activities of mitochondrial (m) and cytosolic (c) ion transporters were examined in the forebrain (FB), midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) segments of an air-breathing fish Anabas testudineus Bloch kept either in non-stressed or in stressed condition. Feeding the fish with varied doses of TRP (1, 2 and 4 mg g^-1 feed) for seven days produced dose-dependent effects on Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and H⁺-ATPase activities in different regions of fish brain. A decrease in (P<0.001) Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was found in FB and MB after seven days of TRP treatment. TRP decreased (P<0.001) H⁺-ATPase activity in the FB but increased Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity in all the three regions of the brain. In non-stressed fish, feeding 20 mg g^-1 TRP for two days produced a substantial rise (P<0.001) in cH⁺-ATPase activity in the FB and HB of the fish. But mH⁺-ATPase showed a reversed response to TRP feeding. On the contrary, TRP treatment in net-confined fish showed a decrease (P<0.001) in the cH⁺-ATPase activity in the FB and HB, whereas it produced an increase (P<0.001) in the MB. In non-stressed fish, cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca²⁺-ATPase activities in FB and MB decreased (P<0.001) after TRP feeding. Feeding TRP in stressed fish reduced (P<0.001) cCa²⁺- ATPase activity in the MB but produced an increase (P<0.001) in its activity in mitochondria. In non-stressed fish, TRP feeding decreased (P<0.001) mMg²⁺-ATPase activity in the FB and MB segments. TRP treatment, in stressed fish, however decreased (P<0.001) Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the MB but not in other brain segments. The data indicate that TRP can regulate brain mitochondrial ion transport, and induction of stress may modify the TRP-induced mitochondrial ion transport response of air-breathing fish.

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• Short-Term in Situ Effects of Prolactin and Insulin on Ion Transport in Liver and Intestine of Freshwater Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, V. S. Mini ¹, D. S. Bindulekha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN
2 Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 47-58

Abstract

The short-term in situ effects of prolactin and insulin on the transport of monovalent and divalent cations were examined in climbing perch Anabas testudineus to infer upon how these hormones regulate ion transport in the metabolic and osmoregualtory tissues of freshwater fish. Varied doses (10^-9, 10^-8 and 10^-7 M) of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and insulin were infused in these fish for 20 min and the specific activities of ion-specific ATPases were analyzed. The Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the intestine and liver showed significant increase after oPRL infusion. Infusion of oPRL significantly decreased the cytosolic H⁺-ATPase activity in the intestine and liver, but increased the cytosolic Ca²⁺-ATPase activity in these tissues. Infusion of oPRL decreased the mitochondrial Mg²⁺-ATPase and H⁺-ATPase activities in the liver but the activities of these transporters increased in the intestine. Similar to oPRL, insulin infusion produced dose-dependent effects on the transporter activities in the liver and intestinal tissues. The mitochondrial Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the liver significantly decreased at 10^-9 and 10^-7 M insulin infusion whereas its activity increased significantly in intestine at 10^-8 M insulin. Likewise, insulin infusion produced significant increases in the activities of all tested transporters except the cytosolic H⁺-ATPase activity in the intestine. A direct action of insulin on ion transport was found in both liver and intestinal tissues, as evident in the activity patterns of ion-specific ATPases. Taken together the results point to vital roles of PRL and insulin in ion transport in both liver and intestinal tissues of climbing perch.

Keywords

Fish, Prolactin, Insulin, ATPase, Osmoregulation.

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• Influence of Fish Poison Rotenone on Thyroid Activity and Metabolite Regulation in Air-Breathing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

Valsa S. Peter ¹, Elizabeth K. Joshua ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695 581, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 14, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 57-64

Abstract

The bark and seed of Derris plant have been used by fishermen to capture fishes, as they contain a toxic compound, rotenone, which can intoxicate fishes. In the present study, the effects of rotenone on the status of thyroid hormone and metabolites were tested in the air-breathing fish Anabas testudineus Bloch. Rotenone (1 and 5 mg L¹) exposure for 48 h produced significant reduction in serum T₃ and T₄ levels. Similarly, rotenone exposure reduced the serum T₃ and T₄ levels in thyroid hormone (TH)-pretreated fish, indicating the disruption of thyroid by rotenone. Rotenone exposure increased the serum glucose, triglycerides, urea and total liver protein in fish. On the contrary, significant reduction in LDH and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the liver and serum was found, though alkaline phosphate activity in the serum and liver, and alanine aminotransferase activity in the liver showed significant decline. A similar pattern of metabolite distribution and thyroid inhibition was also found in the TH-treated fish, ruling out the possibility of involvement of thyroid in rotenone-induced metabolite regulation. Overall, disruption of thyroid by rotenone was evident in this fish.

Keywords

Fish, Metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Rotenone, Fish Poison.

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• Short-Term Salinity Acclimation Demands Thyroid Hormone Action in the Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus Bloch

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Authors

V. Rejitha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 2 (2009), Pagination: 63-72

Abstract

Fishes have developed many complex physiological mechanisms to combat osmotic challenges. In this study triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄) and cortisol in the plasma were quantified and the indices of metabolic and hydromineral regulations analyzed in the climbing perch Anabas testudineus after exposing the fish to a selected salinity (20 ppt) for varied intervals (1, 7, 14 and 21 days) to study the physiological basis of short- and long-term salinity acclimation. It was found that transfer of fish to 20 ppt salinity for a day after transient salinity changes, plasma T₄ was elevated, and plasma T₃ decreased whereas plasma cortisol remained unchanged. The levels of these hormones, however, returned to basal levels when these fish were kept for a prolonged acclimation of three weeks. Plasma glucose and lactate showed no change in response to salinity acclimation, whereas plasma urea showed an increase. Substantial increase in the gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was found in these fish during salinity acclimation, which remained high even after three weeks. Salinity transfer for a day produced significant increase in the intestinal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, though it remained unaffected during the long-term acclimation. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity decreased on day 1 salinity challenge, but remained unaltered after prolonged acclimation. Liver Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity increased upon transient salinity challenge but the levels were maintained during prolonged salinity challenge. Our results indicate that salinity acclimation in climbing perch demands thyroid hormone secretion and its action and not cortisol as part of co-ordinating the acclimation processes in the early phase of salinity acclimation. The results also point to the ability of climbing perch to tolerate osmotic challenge, and the fish becomes fully adaptive to brackish water salinity of 20 ppt after three weeks.

Keywords

Climbing Perch, Cortisol, Fish, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, Salinity Acclimation, Thyroid Hormones.

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• Stress Response in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): Temporal and Inverse Interaction of Cortisol and Thyroid Hormone when Confined to Net

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Authors

Valsa S. Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 2 (2009), Pagination: 87-96

Abstract

Thyroid hormones and cortisol are vital for the regulation of metabolic and hydromineral homeostasis in fish. The levels of triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄) and cortisol in the plasma and the indices of metabolic and hydromineral regulations were quantified in fresh water tilapia after confining them to net for varied time intervals (2, 6, 12, 24 h) to examine whether thyroid and interrenal interact during net-confinement. A time-dependent increase (P<0.001) in plasma cortisol occurred after net-confinement with a maximum increase at 12 h, indicating an induction of stress response in this fish. Confinement of tilapia to net for 6 and 12 h did not alter plasma T₃ but significantly decreased (P<0.05) its level at 24 h. Plasma T₄ remained unaffected at all intervals tested. Net-confinement produced a substantial increase in the plasma glucose (P<0.01) at all intervals tested and a maximum rise was found at 6 h. Branchial Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity increased (P<0.01) and renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity decreased (P<0.01) after 12 and 24 h net-confinement, with the maximum rise at 12 h. Plasma Na⁺ and plasma osmolality declined significantly (P<0.05) at 24 h net-confinement. Overall, the results indicate that net-confinement evokes stress response in tilapia, which includes a temporal and inverse interaction between T₃ and cortisol. The data thus support the hypothesis of a lead role of cortisol in stress response of tilapia.

Keywords

Fish, Tilapia, Net-Confinement, Stress, Cortisol, Thyroid Hormones, Metabolism, Osmoregulation.

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• Thyroid Hormone Modifies the Metabolic Response of Air-Breathing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch) to Nimbecidine Exposure

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, Elizabeth K. Joshua ¹, Vijayamma Rejitha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695581, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 27-36

Abstract

The action of thyroid hormones on metabolite regulation of nimbecidine-exposed climbing perch was studied to understand the role of these hormones in tolerance mechanisms of fish to nimbecidine exposure. Anabas testudineus, the climbing perch, was treated with nimbecidine, a neem-based biopesticide, at nominated concentrations (60 and 600 μgL^-1) for 48 h, with or without THs, and the levels of triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄), metabolite and nucleic acid were quantified. The treatment of THs along with nimbecidine produced a different metabolite pattern. A significant rise in serum T₃ occurred in the nimbecidine-treated fish but the serum T₄ level remained unaffected. Nimbecidine exposure increased the serum triglycerides and the serum urea but the serum glucose and liver total protein, RNA and DNA remained unchanged. Significant reduction in the aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities occurred in the serum and liver of nimbecidine-treated fish but the lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activities remained unaffected. The data indicate that TH modifies the metabolite pattern of climbing perch during its exposure to nimbecidine and, thus, suggest that TH is involved in the mechanism of stress tolerance in fish.

Keywords

Anabas testudineus, Climbing Perch, Fish, Metabolism, Neem, Nimbecidine, Thyroid.

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• Action of Thyroid Inhibitor Propyl Thiouracil on Thyroid and Interrenal Axes in the Freshwater Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus Peters

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, Valsa S. Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695581, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 37-44

Abstract

The actions of propyl thiouracil (PTU), a thyrostatic drug, on thyroid hormones (THs) and cortisol production were examined in freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to examine whether the hypothyroid state affects the function of interrenal axes in this fish. The plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), and cortisol along with branchial and renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activities were measured after feeding varied doses (5-20 μg g^-1) of PTU for over 10 or 15 days. Feeding low dose (5 μg g^-1) of PTU produced significant rise in plasma T₄ level but both T₃ and T₄ levels were decreased significantly after feeding a high dose (20 μg g^-1) of PTU for 15 days. All doses of PTU failed to alter the plasma cortisol. No significant correlation was found between the plasma levels of T₃, T₄ and cortisol after varied doses of PTU. Treatment of T₃ or T₄ (40 ng g^-1) to the high dose PTU-fed tilapia produced a significant rise in plasma cortisol, suggesting a link to the thyroid and interrenal axes in this fish. The rise in T₃ or T₄ level in the PTU-treated tilapia after TH injections correlated with the branchial and renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activities, which imply an effective Na handling, though a tight regulation of Na⁺ and K⁺ transport was maintained in the plasma of these fish. The data show that high dose of PTU inactivates the thyroid axis resulting in the decreased production of T₃ and T₄, though a low dose of PTU activates the thyroid axis. Our results provide evidence that exogenous T₃ activates interrenal axis to produce cortisol and both exogenous T₃ and T₄ promote branchial and renal Na handling in PTU-induced hypothyroid tilapia.

Keywords

Cortisol, Fish, Propyl Thiouracil, Oreochromis mossambicus, Osmoregulation, Thyroid Hormones, Tilapia, Stress.

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• Interrenal Response in Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch) to Nitrate Exposure: Hydromineral and Metabolic Considerations

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Authors

A. S. Vijayasree ¹, V. Rejitha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², Oommen V. Oommen ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam 691001, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 12, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 73-79

Abstract

The physiological response of climbing perch to water-borne nitrate, an important component of the effluents of coconut husk retting, was examined to identify the mechanism of nitrate tolerance in fish. Indices of interrenal function, and metabolic and osmoregulatory homeostasis were analyzed in fish treated with potassium nitrate. Nitrate loading in water for 48 h produced a significant increase in the plasma cortisol by a low dose (247 μM), whereas a higher dose (494 μM) had little effect. A remarkable cortisol surge was found in the nitrate-treated fish kept for recovery in clean water for 96 h, which correlated with the rise in the plasma Na⁺. Glucose, lactate and Na⁺ concentrations in the plasma showed reduction in the nitrate-exposed fish, whereas plasma urea increased. Nitrate exposure had little influence on the gill and kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activities but had a stimulatory effect on liver Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, indicating a major role of liver in nitrate tolerance. Overall, the present data indicate that nitrate exposure induces an integrated stress response in climbing perch as a result of an activated interrenal axis and disturbed metabolic and hydromineral regulations. This suggests a protective role of cortisol in the regulation of nitrate tolerance in this fish.

Keywords

^{Anabas testudineus}, Fish, Interrenal, Nitrate, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, Metabolism, Osmoregulation, Stress.

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• Physiological Responses of African Catfish (clarias gariepinus) to Water-Borne Ferric Iron: Effects on Thyroidal, Metabolic and Hydromineral Regulations

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, Janardhanan Leji ¹, Vijayamma Rejitha ¹, Joseph Ignatius ², Valsa S. Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Fatima Matha National College, Kollam 695001, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 12, No 1 (2008), Pagination: 24-30

Abstract

With a view to understand the mechanism associated with the tolerance of excess water-borne iron, thyroidal, hydromineral and metabolic responses were studied in the freshwater African catfish Clarias gariepinus after exposing them to nominated concentrations (6.2 and 62 μM) of ferric iron [Fe(III)] for 48 hr. Plasma triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄) concentrations and the indices of metabolic and hydromineral regulations were analyzed in the iron-treated fish. Plasma T₄ (P<0.001) and T₃ (P<0.05) decreased in catfish after Fe(III) treatment. On the contrary, an elevated (P<0.001) plasma T₄ occurred in the fish kept for recovery in clean freshwater after iron-treatment. A significant (P<0.01) hyperglycemia was observed in 62 μM Fe(III)-treated fish whereas plasma urea concentration remained unchanged. Ouabain-dependent Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity increased (P<0.05) in the branchial tissue of 6.2 μM iron-treated fish but decreased in the renal (P<0.05), intestinal (P<0.01) and hepatic (P<0.01) tissues. Plasma Na⁺ and PO₄^2- decreased (P<0.05), whereas plasma K⁺ and Ca^2- increased (P<0.05) after Fe(III) treatment. Our results indicate that despite the modification in the metabolic and hydromineral regulation, water-borne Fe(III) suppresses the thyroid activity, and withdrawal of Fe(III) activates the thyroid function in African catfish, thus supporting the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are involved in iron handling in fish.

Keywords

Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Ferric Iron, Osmoregulation, Thyroid, Fish.

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• Rapid In Situ Action of Estradiol 17β on Ion Transporter Function in Brain Segments of Female Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus Peters)

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Authors

Dafina Wilfred ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², Subash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 21, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 67-76

Abstract

Being the principal estrogen, estradiol 17β (E₂) is essential for normal ovarian function in the vertebrates including fishes. Besides its primary role in reproduction, E₂ is also known for its role in many other physiological processes including water and mineral balance. However, it is uncertain, how E₂ regulates ion-specific ATPases that drive Na⁺, K⁺, H⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ transport in fish brain. We, therefore, examined the short-term in situ action of E₂ on ion transporter function in the brain segments of freshwater female Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Tilapia were perfused with increasing doses of E₂ (10^-9, 10^-8 and 10^-7 M) for 20 min and sampled for determining Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, H⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, and Mg²⁺-ATPase activities in the prosencephalon (PC), mesencephalon (MC) and metencephalon (MeC) segments of brain. Dose-dependent increase in Na⁺/K⁺- and Ca²⁺-dependent transporter activities after E₂ perfusion were found in PC. In MC, E₂ treatment, however, produced significant increase in Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and H⁺ transport activities in mitochondria but decreased Na⁺/K⁺- and νH⁺ transporter activities. On the contrary, in MeC, E₂ administration while producing increase in Na⁺/K⁺-, mitochondrial- and νH⁺-transport, lowered cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca²⁺ transport. Taken together, the data indicate that E₂ has rapid and direct action on ion transporter function that corresponds to the differential activation/inactivation of neuronal clusters in the brain segments of female freshwater tilapia.

Keywords

Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Estradiol 17β, Fish, Ion Transporter, Ionoregulation, Tilapia brain.

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• Nitric Oxide Drives Mitochondrial Energetics in Heart and Liver Mitochondria of Hypoxia-Stressed Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

Abstract Views :282  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

R. Gayathry ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 30-43

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous free radical that functions as signal molecule, regulates several physiological functions. But in teleost fishes, the influence of NO on mitochondrial energetics is not yet understood. With a view to understanding the short-term in vivo action of NO on mitochondrial energetics in fish, we examined the effects of sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor (SNP) and N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME), on major electron carriers and oxidative status in heart and liver mitochondria of an obligate air-breathing fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch) kept at either non-stressed or hypoxia-stressed condition. The total nitrate/nitrite (NO₃^-/NO₂^-) level that corresponds to NO content showed a rise after SNP (5 μg g^-1) and a decline in the heart and liver of non-stressed fish after L-NAME (100 ng g^-1) treatments for 30 min. Water immersion for 30 min that induced hypoxia lowered NO₃^-/NO₂^- level in heart and liver, but showed a rise in NO₃^-/NO₂^- level after SNP treatment of immersion-stressed fish. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production increased after SNP treatment but decreased after L-NAME treatment in heart of hypoxia-stressed fish where as in liver both SNP and L-NAME treatments caused decrease of ROS in stressed fish. SNP treatment increased and L-NAME treatment lowered peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) level in heart and liver of non-stressed fish. SNP treatment lowered the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) but L-NAME treatment increased its activity in mitochondria of heart of hypoxia-stressed fish. In liver mitochondria, however, COX activity showed a rise after these treatments. On the contrary, SNP and L-NAME treatments in stressed fish elevated succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in both heart and liver mitochondria. In heart, LDH activity increased after SNP and L-NAME treatments in both non-stressed and stressed conditions, but not in liver of stressed fish. Put together, the data provide evidence that NO exerts an integrative action on mitochondrial energetics in heart and liver mitochondria of air-breathing fish during their exposure to hypoxia-stress.

Keywords

Anabas testudineus, Cytochrome oxidase, Fish Stress, Hypoxia ROS, Mitochondria Energetics, Nitric Oxide.

Full Text

     

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• Short-Term In Vivo Melatonin Activates Thyroid Axis but Deactivates Interrenal Axis in Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

Abstract Views :247  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, S. Simi ², Valsa S. Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 55-64

Abstract

As a potent regulator of seasonal and circadian rhythms, melatonin is involved in many neuroendocrine functions in vertebrates including fishes. However, the interactive action of melatonin on thyroid and interrenal axes, metabolite homeostasis and ion status is less addressed in fishes. We thus analyze the plasma thyroxine (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃) and cortisol levels and metabolite status and Na⁺ and K⁺ status in osmoregulatory tissues after short-term of 30 min in vivo exposure of melatonin (0, 0.25, 2.5, 25 ng g^-1) in climbing perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch). A rise in plasma T₄ occurred after 30 min of melatonin treatment, indicating activation of thyroid axis. On the contrary, deactivation of hypothalamo-pituitary-interenal (HPI) axis occurred due to fall in cortisol level along with decrease in plasma T₃ in the melatonin-treated fish. Significant dose-dependent increase in plasma glucose and urea were found in melatonin-treated fish. Similarly, increased plasma [Na⁺] and [K⁺] contents occurred in gill tissues but plasma [Na⁺] and [K⁺] levels remained unaffected after melatonin treatment. In kidney, melatonin treatment augmented [K⁺] but decreased [Na⁺] content, emphasizing a differential cation handling by melatonin. Overall, these results indicate that melatonin exerts a rapid activation of thyroid axis, but deactivates interenal axis while promoting the release of glucose and urea and tissue Na⁺/K⁺ ion levels in freshwater climbing perch.

Keywords

Cortisol, Fish, Interrenal Axis, Melatonin, Metabolites, Tissue Ions, Thyroid Axis, Thyroid Hormone.

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• In Vivo Action of Ammonia on Ion Transport Function in Liver and Heart Mitochondria of Immersion-Stressed Air-Breathing Fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

Shilpa Narayan ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 2 (2018), Pagination: 5-12

Abstract

Ammonia, as an endogenous respiratory gas, is produced during protein and amino acid metabolism. Accumulation of excess ammonia is toxic, and fishes have developed mechanisms to defend against ammonia toxicity. Here, we tested the in vivo action of ammonia in an air-breathing fish to find how it modulates mitochondrial ion transport in fish heart and liver. We thus analysed the activity pattern of mitochondrial ion transporters such as mitochondrial Ca²⁺ATPase, mitochondrial H⁺ATPase and mitochondrial F₁F₀ ATPase in heart and liver of air-breathing fish Anabas testudineus which were kept for immersion-induced hypoxia stress. In addition, plasma metabolites such as glucose and lactate were also quantified. Oral administration of ammonia solution [(NH₄)₂SO₄; 50ng g^-1] for  30 min increased mit.Ca²⁺ATPase activity in heart but lowered its activity in liver mitochondria. A reduced mit.H⁺ATPase activity was found in heart but in liver its activity showed increase after ammonia treatment. F₁F₀ ATPase increased significantly in heart but showed reduced activity in liver mitochondria. Administration of ammonia in immersion-stressed fish, however, nullified the excitatory response of heart and liver mitochondria in the immersion-stressed fish. Overall, the data indicate that ammonia can play a significant physiological role in the regulation of mitochondrial ion homeostasis in the liver and heart of air-breathing fish during their acclimation to hypoxia stress.

Keywords

Ammonia, Anabas testudineus, Fish, Hypoxia, Ion Transport, Mitochondria, Stress

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• In Vitro Action of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 Inhibitors on Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, H⁺/K⁺-ATPase and PMCA Activities in the Osmoregulatory Epithelia of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

G. S. Sheetal ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram– 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram– 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 2 (2018), Pagination: 19–29

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) are involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We tested the short-term in vitro action of inhibitors of MMP2 and MMP9 on P-type ion transporter function in organ explants of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) to understand how these ECM remodeling components influence the ion transporter function in the osmoregulatory epithelia of fish. Graded doses (10^-8, 10^-7 and 10^-6 M) of inhibitors of MMP2 and MMP9 were administered in vitro to explants of gills, kidney and intestine, kept for either 15 or 30 min and the activities of P-type ATPase such as Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA), H⁺/K⁺-ATPase (HKA) and plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase (PMCA) were quantified. We found that the inhibitors of MMP2 and MMP9 produced dose- and time-dependent modulation in the activities of NKA, HKA and PMCA in the tested tissue explants. Incubation of MMP2 and 9 inhibitors at the highest dose (10^-6 M) for 15 and 30 min produced substantial rise in NKA activity. Likewise, HKA activity that showed significant rise after incubation of 10^-7 and 10^-8 M inhibitors in gills and kidney explants, decreased at the lowest dose (10-8 M) of inhibitors. The lower doses of both inhibitors, while increasing PMCA activity in kidney and intestinal explants inhibited its activity in gill explant. These differential tissue-responsive actions of MMP2 and MMP9 inhibitors indicate that these ECM remodeling components can modify the function of the membrane-bound P-type ion transporters in the osmoregulatory tissues of fish.

Keywords

MMP, fish, ECM, Na⁺/ K⁺-ATPase, PMCA, H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Metalloproteinase, Anabas testudineus

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• Impact of Restraint Stress on Mitochondrial Ion Transporter Activity in Mice Brain-Gut Regions and Gender Response to Aging

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Authors

Lija L. Raju ¹, Ajith M. Thomas ², K. Manish ², Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 65-79

Abstract

The ability to respond suitably and maintain a steady state after exposure to stressors is an essential dynamic element in maintaining ion homeostasis. Besides the factors linked to the stressor itself, there are aspects intrinsic to the organisms that are pertinent to shape the stress response, such as age, gender and genetics. This study in mice analyses the functional role of mitochondria, which may affect the integrated responses to psychological stress. Mitochondria depend on a series of ion transporters to interface the communication between the cytosol and the site of energy production, which is key to the survival of the organism. Ion transporters, like mCa²⁺ATPase, F₁F₀ATPase and mH⁺ATPase, are the functional components of the mitochondria involved in Ca²⁺, H⁺ homeostasis and energy production. Since the process of aging starts with the birth, and ends with the death of an organism, physiological and molecular processes tend to vary throughout aging. Moreover, males and females have qualitatively different mitochondria, and only a little is known about the mitochondrial responses to stressors. Therefore, we hypothesized that mitochondrial ion transporter functions would modulate the organism’s multisystemic response to psychological stress in an age-, gender- and tissue-specific manner. In this study, BALB/c mice of different age groups (4 weeks-, 8 weeks-, 16 weeks- and 24 weeks-old mice) were subjected to restraint stress of 30 minutes for two consecutive days and the ion transporter activity was quantified in the different regions of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and hippocampus) and the gut (duodenum of the intestine, fundus and pyloric regions of the stomach). Overall, the data indicate that in mice both gender-specific and age-specific differential sensitivities to restraint stress exist in mitochondrial ion transporter function in the brain and gut regions. This further points to a decisive interactive role of stress and sex hormones in the energetics and ion transport performance of brain-gut axis in mice.

Keywords

Aging, Brain Gut Axis, Ion Transport, Mice, Mitochondria, Restraint Stress

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• In Vivo Action of Nitric Oxide Donor Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) on Mitochondrial Ion Transporter Function in Brain Segments of Immersion-Stressed Air-Breathing Fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

Abstract Views :248  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

R. Gayathry ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 99-107

Abstract

The neuronal circuitries of brain and the corresponding ion transporters contribute to the maintenance of ion homeostasis in fish brain. The sensitivity of these neuronal clusters in response to environmental clues brings neural plasticity and subsequent regulation of stress acclimation. Nitric oxide (NO), a gasotransmitter, is involved in ion transport in many peripheral tissues of fishes including air-breathing fish. However, the role of NO in mitochondrial ion transporter activity has not yet been investigated in fish brain. We, therefore, investigated the short-term in vivo action of a NO donor, Sodium Nitro-Prusside (SNP), on mitochondrial ion transporters such as H⁺- Ca²⁺- and Mg²⁺-dependent ATPases in brain segments such as Prosen-Cephalon (PC), Mesen-Cephalon (MC) and Meten-Cephalon (MeC) of immersion-stressed Anabas testudineus. Intraperitoneal injection of SNP for 30 min lowered the activities of bafilomycin-sensitive H⁺ATPase and vanadate sensitive Ca²⁺ATPase in PC, whereas in MeC, these transporters showed significant rise in activities after SNP treatment. The oligomycin-sensitive Mg²⁺ATPase activity showed a significant decrease in PC and MC of brain after SNP treatment in non-stressed fish. Induction of stress by water immersion altered the activities of these ion transporter activities. However, the treatment of SNP in immersed fish showed recovery of the immersion-induced modulation in the activities of these mitochondrial ion transporters. Our data, thus, provide evidence for a decisive role of NO in the recovery process of mitochondrial ion transporters function during immersion stress, confirming a direct differential role of NO in mitochondrial ion homeostasis in teleost brain.

Keywords

Immersion-Stress, Nitric Oxide, Sodium Nitroprusside, Ca²⁺-ATPase, H⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase

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References

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• Nitric Oxide Modifies Hepatic and Cardiac Proton Gradient during Immersion-Stress in the Air- Breathing Fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch): Role of H⁺-ATPase and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase

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Authors

R. Gayathry ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 24, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 43-52

Abstract

Fishes have evolved complex and multi-step physiological mechanisms to drive ion homeostasis in challenging environments. Induction of stress that disturbs ion homeostasis in fishes evokes recovery response for their survival. Nitric Oxide (NO) as gasotransmitter modulates many physiological mechanisms including ion transport in osmoregulatory epithelia in teleosts. However, little is known about the role of NO in the transport of H⁺ ions that creates proton gradient with the help of H⁺-dependent ATPases like H⁺-ATPase and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, particularly in hepatic and cardiac tissues of bony fish. We, thus, quantified H⁺-ATPase and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase in these tissues after in vivo treatments of NO donor, Sodium Nitro-Prusside (SNP) or NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, in both non-stressed and immersion-stressed air-breathing fish, Anabas testudineus Bloch. We found that elevated NO availability by SNP treatment lowered H⁺-ATPase-driven H⁺ transport in both hepatic and cardiac tissues of immersion-stressed fish. In contrast, NO depletion by L-NAME treatment elevated H⁺-ATPase activity in these tissues of stressed fish, pointing to a direct role of H⁺-ATPase in NO-mediated proton gradient regulation during stress condition. H⁺/K⁺-ATPase that drives H⁺ transport against K⁺ reduced its activity in cardiac tissue by SNP and L-NAME treatments. But L-NAME treatment in stressed fish imposed a higher H⁺ transport in cardiac tissue of these fish. Overall, the data indicate that NO has a vital role in the regulation of H⁺-ATPase-driven proton gradient in both cardiac and hepatic tissues of immersion-stressed fish.

Keywords

Air-Breathing Fish, Immersion-Stress, Nitric Oxide, Sodium Nitroprusside, H⁺-ATPase, H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, L-NAME

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