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4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical that could be present in the aquatic environment, but little is known about its oxidative stress effects. An emerging literature suggests that early life exposure to 4-NP may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Due to its hydrophobicity and long half-life, 4-NP can easily accumulate in living organisms, including humans, where it inflicts a series of toxic effects. In the present study, the oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters of Labeo rohita after exposure to various sub-lethal concentrations of 4-NP for 5, 10 and 15 days were examined. The level of glutathione content and the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase were significantly inhibited, whereas the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase and the lipid peroxidation products such as malondialdehyde and conjugated diene were significantly elevated, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress. The results demonstrate that 4-NP in aquatic systems can affect antioxidant responses.

Keywords

Antioxidants, Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical, 4-Nonylphenol, Oxidative Stress.

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Impact of Bisphenol S as an Endocrine Disruptor in a Freshwater Fish, Oreochromis mossambicus

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Authors

V. R. Anjali ¹, V. S. Remya ¹, S. Reshmi ¹, S. Shehna Mahim ¹, C. Aruna Devi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram - 695034, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 49-63

Abstract

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have the potential to alter the hormonal pathways concerned with regulation of the normal homeostatic mechanisms. The adverse effects of EDCs can be observed in areas where pollution is high, particularly in aquatic ecosystems, where persistent environmental chemicals accumulate. In the present study, we investigated the endocrine disrupting effects of Bisphenol S (BPS), if any, in the levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, cortisol and sex steroidal [17βestradiol (E2) and testosterone(T)] hormones in juvenile as well as adult Oreochromis mossambicus. Drastic changes in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels showed that BPS treatment resulted in disruption of thyroid gland function. Alteration to significant levels in serum cortisol indicated acute stress and impairment of hypothalamic-pituitaryinterrenal axis. Significant changes (p<0.05) occurred in the steroidal hormone levels which are biomarkers of endocrine disruption as they affect hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in fish. Bisphenol S also revealed estrogenic potency by inducing significant alteration in the E2/T ratio. DNA fragmentation, if any, induced by BPS was also analyzed in juvenile fish. There was no significant DNA fragmentation observed in gel electrophoresis, but a significant elevation was seen in percent fragmented DNA in the diphenylamine method. Therefore, it could be concluded that BPS at different sublethal concentrations have a profound impact on endocrine physiology of fish.

Keywords

Bisphenol S, DNA Fragmentation, Endocrine Disruption, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine

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The Efficacy of Intermediary and Mitochondrial Metabolic Enzymes as Non-Estrogenic Biomarkers for the Assessment of 4-Nonylphenol Toxicity in the Freshwater Teleost Labeo rohita

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Authors

V. S. Remya ¹, S. Reshmi. ¹, S. Shehna Mahim ², , V. R. Anjali ¹, C. Aruna Devi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,, IN
2 Department of Zoology, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 25, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 145-158

Abstract

4-Nonyl-Phenol (4-NP) is a breakdown product of Nonyl-Phenol Ethoxylate (NPE). It has attracted concern because of its persistence in the aquatic habitats and the toxicity to aquatic organisms. 4-NP is a known endocrine disruptor and a legendary xenoestrogen. Nevertheless, the non-estrogenic impacts of 4-NP in aquatic organisms have only been scarcely addressed. Hence, in the present study we evaluated the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of 4-NP (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 µg/L) in the major carp Labeo rohita in the intermediary and mitochondrial metabolism. We found that exposure to 4-NP produced remarkable alteration in the activities of: 1. enzymes of intermediary metabolism such as glucose 6 phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, cytosolic malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase, and 2. mitochondrial enzymes such as malate dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase. Thus, the study indicates that 4-NP, at concentrations as would prevail in the environment, impairs the activities of metabolic enzymes and, thereby, affects the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain. Alteration in the levels of these enzyme activities can thus be taken to advantage for the surveillance of the impact of 4-NP in energy metabolism in the aquatic organisms.

Keywords

4-Nonylphenol, Electron Transport Chain, Intermediary Metabolism, Mitochondrial Enzymes

Full Text

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