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Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction

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2018
2021

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Kumar, Pradeep G.

DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications Associated with Male Germ Cell Differentiation

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Authors

A. Soumya ¹, Karthika Radhakrishnan ¹, Pradeep G. Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Molecular Reproduction, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 014, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 1-20

Abstract

Spermatogenesis is a highly regulated process in which undifferentiated spermatogonial stem cells differentiate to form highly specialized sperm cells capable of fusing with the ovum to form a zygote. This is achieved through tightly controlled regulation of gene expression which depends crucially on DNA accessibility. DNA accessibility is largely dependent on epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and modifications of the histones. DNA methylation is catalysed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes. The spatial and temporal expression levels and functional features of the DNMTs are thought to landscape the gene expression in the male germ cells. On the other hand, the histone code is defined by an array of molecules that bring about post-translational modifications of various histones at various sites. All these intricate events orchestrate germ cell specification, stem cell maintenance, mitotic amplification, initiation of meiosis and post-meiotic differentiation events. This review summarizes the sequential changes in DNA methylation and the histone modification profiles in germ cells leading to the production of functional spermatozoa.

Keywords

Epigenetics, Histone, Meiosis, Spermatogenesis, Testis.

Full Text

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Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PADI2) is Expressed in Post-Meiotic Germ Cells in the Mouse Testis and is Localized Heavily on the Acrosomal Region of Spermatozoa

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Authors

Mahitha Sahadevan ¹, Pradeep G. Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Molecular Reproduction, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram − 695014, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 25, No 1 (2021), Pagination: 37-49

Abstract

Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PADI2) is a widely expressed Ca²⁺ ion-dependent enzyme in rodents and humans belonging to Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PAD) family. It regulates various cellular processes like proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and chromatin organization. Altered expression of PADI2 was associated with various autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders and different types of cancers. Based on our previously published miRNA-mRNA network during the first wave of spermatogenesis in the mouse, Padi2 appeared to be a common potential target of miR-34c and miR-449a in the mouse testes. In the present study, the expression of Padi2 in the mouse testes during the first wave of spermatogenesis was evaluated using real-time PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Transcript levels of Padi2 showed progressive down-regulation during the first wave of spermatogenesis. However, we detected a progressive increase in the levels of PADI2 as the first wave of spermatogenesis progressed, with heavy expression of this protein in post-meiotic germ cells. Additionally, a prominent localization of PADI2 in the acrosomal region of late spermatids and spermatozoa was identified through immunohistochemical analysis. Padi2 expression was identified in germ cell-derived cell lines, C18-4 and GC-1 spg as well. Thus, the present study illustrates for the first time the expression of PADI2 in germ cells in the testis and its predominant localization on the acrosome region of spermatozoa, suggesting its potential role in fertilization.

Keywords

Gene Expression, Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2, Spermatogonia, Spermatogenesis, Testis.

Full Text

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