Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction

Subhash Peter, M. C.

• Effect of L-Tryptophan Feeding on Brain Mitochondrial Ion Transport in Net-Confined Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

Samuel Anupriya ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN
2 Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 17-28

Abstract

Serotonin (5-HT), a neurohormone with many physiological actions, is synthesized from the dietary essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). However, the effects of TRP on neuronal ion transporters and its role in stress response have not yet been identified in the teleost fish. The effects of varied doses of TRP on the activities of mitochondrial (m) and cytosolic (c) ion transporters were examined in the forebrain (FB), midbrain (MB) and hindbrain (HB) segments of an air-breathing fish Anabas testudineus Bloch kept either in non-stressed or in stressed condition. Feeding the fish with varied doses of TRP (1, 2 and 4 mg g^-1 feed) for seven days produced dose-dependent effects on Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and H⁺-ATPase activities in different regions of fish brain. A decrease in (P<0.001) Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was found in FB and MB after seven days of TRP treatment. TRP decreased (P<0.001) H⁺-ATPase activity in the FB but increased Na⁺, K⁺ ATPase activity in all the three regions of the brain. In non-stressed fish, feeding 20 mg g^-1 TRP for two days produced a substantial rise (P<0.001) in cH⁺-ATPase activity in the FB and HB of the fish. But mH⁺-ATPase showed a reversed response to TRP feeding. On the contrary, TRP treatment in net-confined fish showed a decrease (P<0.001) in the cH⁺-ATPase activity in the FB and HB, whereas it produced an increase (P<0.001) in the MB. In non-stressed fish, cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca²⁺-ATPase activities in FB and MB decreased (P<0.001) after TRP feeding. Feeding TRP in stressed fish reduced (P<0.001) cCa²⁺- ATPase activity in the MB but produced an increase (P<0.001) in its activity in mitochondria. In non-stressed fish, TRP feeding decreased (P<0.001) mMg²⁺-ATPase activity in the FB and MB segments. TRP treatment, in stressed fish, however decreased (P<0.001) Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the MB but not in other brain segments. The data indicate that TRP can regulate brain mitochondrial ion transport, and induction of stress may modify the TRP-induced mitochondrial ion transport response of air-breathing fish.

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• Short-Term in Situ Effects of Prolactin and Insulin on Ion Transport in Liver and Intestine of Freshwater Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, V. S. Mini ¹, D. S. Bindulekha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN
2 Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 18, No 1 (2014), Pagination: 47-58

Abstract

The short-term in situ effects of prolactin and insulin on the transport of monovalent and divalent cations were examined in climbing perch Anabas testudineus to infer upon how these hormones regulate ion transport in the metabolic and osmoregualtory tissues of freshwater fish. Varied doses (10^-9, 10^-8 and 10^-7 M) of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and insulin were infused in these fish for 20 min and the specific activities of ion-specific ATPases were analyzed. The Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the intestine and liver showed significant increase after oPRL infusion. Infusion of oPRL significantly decreased the cytosolic H⁺-ATPase activity in the intestine and liver, but increased the cytosolic Ca²⁺-ATPase activity in these tissues. Infusion of oPRL decreased the mitochondrial Mg²⁺-ATPase and H⁺-ATPase activities in the liver but the activities of these transporters increased in the intestine. Similar to oPRL, insulin infusion produced dose-dependent effects on the transporter activities in the liver and intestinal tissues. The mitochondrial Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the liver significantly decreased at 10^-9 and 10^-7 M insulin infusion whereas its activity increased significantly in intestine at 10^-8 M insulin. Likewise, insulin infusion produced significant increases in the activities of all tested transporters except the cytosolic H⁺-ATPase activity in the intestine. A direct action of insulin on ion transport was found in both liver and intestinal tissues, as evident in the activity patterns of ion-specific ATPases. Taken together the results point to vital roles of PRL and insulin in ion transport in both liver and intestinal tissues of climbing perch.

Keywords

Fish, Prolactin, Insulin, ATPase, Osmoregulation.

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• Influence of Fish Poison Rotenone on Thyroid Activity and Metabolite Regulation in Air-Breathing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

Valsa S. Peter ¹, Elizabeth K. Joshua ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695 581, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 14, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 57-64

Abstract

The bark and seed of Derris plant have been used by fishermen to capture fishes, as they contain a toxic compound, rotenone, which can intoxicate fishes. In the present study, the effects of rotenone on the status of thyroid hormone and metabolites were tested in the air-breathing fish Anabas testudineus Bloch. Rotenone (1 and 5 mg L¹) exposure for 48 h produced significant reduction in serum T₃ and T₄ levels. Similarly, rotenone exposure reduced the serum T₃ and T₄ levels in thyroid hormone (TH)-pretreated fish, indicating the disruption of thyroid by rotenone. Rotenone exposure increased the serum glucose, triglycerides, urea and total liver protein in fish. On the contrary, significant reduction in LDH and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the liver and serum was found, though alkaline phosphate activity in the serum and liver, and alanine aminotransferase activity in the liver showed significant decline. A similar pattern of metabolite distribution and thyroid inhibition was also found in the TH-treated fish, ruling out the possibility of involvement of thyroid in rotenone-induced metabolite regulation. Overall, disruption of thyroid by rotenone was evident in this fish.

Keywords

Fish, Metabolism, Thyroid Hormones, Rotenone, Fish Poison.

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• Short-Term Salinity Acclimation Demands Thyroid Hormone Action in the Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus Bloch

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Authors

V. Rejitha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 2 (2009), Pagination: 63-72

Abstract

Fishes have developed many complex physiological mechanisms to combat osmotic challenges. In this study triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄) and cortisol in the plasma were quantified and the indices of metabolic and hydromineral regulations analyzed in the climbing perch Anabas testudineus after exposing the fish to a selected salinity (20 ppt) for varied intervals (1, 7, 14 and 21 days) to study the physiological basis of short- and long-term salinity acclimation. It was found that transfer of fish to 20 ppt salinity for a day after transient salinity changes, plasma T₄ was elevated, and plasma T₃ decreased whereas plasma cortisol remained unchanged. The levels of these hormones, however, returned to basal levels when these fish were kept for a prolonged acclimation of three weeks. Plasma glucose and lactate showed no change in response to salinity acclimation, whereas plasma urea showed an increase. Substantial increase in the gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was found in these fish during salinity acclimation, which remained high even after three weeks. Salinity transfer for a day produced significant increase in the intestinal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, though it remained unaffected during the long-term acclimation. Kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity decreased on day 1 salinity challenge, but remained unaltered after prolonged acclimation. Liver Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity increased upon transient salinity challenge but the levels were maintained during prolonged salinity challenge. Our results indicate that salinity acclimation in climbing perch demands thyroid hormone secretion and its action and not cortisol as part of co-ordinating the acclimation processes in the early phase of salinity acclimation. The results also point to the ability of climbing perch to tolerate osmotic challenge, and the fish becomes fully adaptive to brackish water salinity of 20 ppt after three weeks.

Keywords

Climbing Perch, Cortisol, Fish, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, Salinity Acclimation, Thyroid Hormones.

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• Thyroid Hormone Modifies the Metabolic Response of Air-Breathing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch) to Nimbecidine Exposure

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, Elizabeth K. Joshua ¹, Vijayamma Rejitha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695581, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 27-36

Abstract

The action of thyroid hormones on metabolite regulation of nimbecidine-exposed climbing perch was studied to understand the role of these hormones in tolerance mechanisms of fish to nimbecidine exposure. Anabas testudineus, the climbing perch, was treated with nimbecidine, a neem-based biopesticide, at nominated concentrations (60 and 600 μgL^-1) for 48 h, with or without THs, and the levels of triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄), metabolite and nucleic acid were quantified. The treatment of THs along with nimbecidine produced a different metabolite pattern. A significant rise in serum T₃ occurred in the nimbecidine-treated fish but the serum T₄ level remained unaffected. Nimbecidine exposure increased the serum triglycerides and the serum urea but the serum glucose and liver total protein, RNA and DNA remained unchanged. Significant reduction in the aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities occurred in the serum and liver of nimbecidine-treated fish but the lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activities remained unaffected. The data indicate that TH modifies the metabolite pattern of climbing perch during its exposure to nimbecidine and, thus, suggest that TH is involved in the mechanism of stress tolerance in fish.

Keywords

Anabas testudineus, Climbing Perch, Fish, Metabolism, Neem, Nimbecidine, Thyroid.

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• Action of Thyroid Inhibitor Propyl Thiouracil on Thyroid and Interrenal Axes in the Freshwater Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus Peters

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, Valsa S. Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom 695581, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 13, No 1 (2009), Pagination: 37-44

Abstract

The actions of propyl thiouracil (PTU), a thyrostatic drug, on thyroid hormones (THs) and cortisol production were examined in freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to examine whether the hypothyroid state affects the function of interrenal axes in this fish. The plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), and cortisol along with branchial and renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activities were measured after feeding varied doses (5-20 μg g^-1) of PTU for over 10 or 15 days. Feeding low dose (5 μg g^-1) of PTU produced significant rise in plasma T₄ level but both T₃ and T₄ levels were decreased significantly after feeding a high dose (20 μg g^-1) of PTU for 15 days. All doses of PTU failed to alter the plasma cortisol. No significant correlation was found between the plasma levels of T₃, T₄ and cortisol after varied doses of PTU. Treatment of T₃ or T₄ (40 ng g^-1) to the high dose PTU-fed tilapia produced a significant rise in plasma cortisol, suggesting a link to the thyroid and interrenal axes in this fish. The rise in T₃ or T₄ level in the PTU-treated tilapia after TH injections correlated with the branchial and renal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activities, which imply an effective Na handling, though a tight regulation of Na⁺ and K⁺ transport was maintained in the plasma of these fish. The data show that high dose of PTU inactivates the thyroid axis resulting in the decreased production of T₃ and T₄, though a low dose of PTU activates the thyroid axis. Our results provide evidence that exogenous T₃ activates interrenal axis to produce cortisol and both exogenous T₃ and T₄ promote branchial and renal Na handling in PTU-induced hypothyroid tilapia.

Keywords

Cortisol, Fish, Propyl Thiouracil, Oreochromis mossambicus, Osmoregulation, Thyroid Hormones, Tilapia, Stress.

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• Interrenal Response in Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch) to Nitrate Exposure: Hydromineral and Metabolic Considerations

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Authors

A. S. Vijayasree ¹, V. Rejitha ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², Oommen V. Oommen ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam 691001, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 12, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 73-79

Abstract

The physiological response of climbing perch to water-borne nitrate, an important component of the effluents of coconut husk retting, was examined to identify the mechanism of nitrate tolerance in fish. Indices of interrenal function, and metabolic and osmoregulatory homeostasis were analyzed in fish treated with potassium nitrate. Nitrate loading in water for 48 h produced a significant increase in the plasma cortisol by a low dose (247 μM), whereas a higher dose (494 μM) had little effect. A remarkable cortisol surge was found in the nitrate-treated fish kept for recovery in clean water for 96 h, which correlated with the rise in the plasma Na⁺. Glucose, lactate and Na⁺ concentrations in the plasma showed reduction in the nitrate-exposed fish, whereas plasma urea increased. Nitrate exposure had little influence on the gill and kidney Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activities but had a stimulatory effect on liver Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, indicating a major role of liver in nitrate tolerance. Overall, the present data indicate that nitrate exposure induces an integrated stress response in climbing perch as a result of an activated interrenal axis and disturbed metabolic and hydromineral regulations. This suggests a protective role of cortisol in the regulation of nitrate tolerance in this fish.

Keywords

^{Anabas testudineus}, Fish, Interrenal, Nitrate, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, Metabolism, Osmoregulation, Stress.

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• Physiological Responses of African Catfish (clarias gariepinus) to Water-Borne Ferric Iron: Effects on Thyroidal, Metabolic and Hydromineral Regulations

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, Janardhanan Leji ¹, Vijayamma Rejitha ¹, Joseph Ignatius ², Valsa S. Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Fatima Matha National College, Kollam 695001, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 12, No 1 (2008), Pagination: 24-30

Abstract

With a view to understand the mechanism associated with the tolerance of excess water-borne iron, thyroidal, hydromineral and metabolic responses were studied in the freshwater African catfish Clarias gariepinus after exposing them to nominated concentrations (6.2 and 62 μM) of ferric iron [Fe(III)] for 48 hr. Plasma triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄) concentrations and the indices of metabolic and hydromineral regulations were analyzed in the iron-treated fish. Plasma T₄ (P<0.001) and T₃ (P<0.05) decreased in catfish after Fe(III) treatment. On the contrary, an elevated (P<0.001) plasma T₄ occurred in the fish kept for recovery in clean freshwater after iron-treatment. A significant (P<0.01) hyperglycemia was observed in 62 μM Fe(III)-treated fish whereas plasma urea concentration remained unchanged. Ouabain-dependent Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity increased (P<0.05) in the branchial tissue of 6.2 μM iron-treated fish but decreased in the renal (P<0.05), intestinal (P<0.01) and hepatic (P<0.01) tissues. Plasma Na⁺ and PO₄^2- decreased (P<0.05), whereas plasma K⁺ and Ca^2- increased (P<0.05) after Fe(III) treatment. Our results indicate that despite the modification in the metabolic and hydromineral regulation, water-borne Fe(III) suppresses the thyroid activity, and withdrawal of Fe(III) activates the thyroid function in African catfish, thus supporting the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are involved in iron handling in fish.

Keywords

Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Ferric Iron, Osmoregulation, Thyroid, Fish.

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• Hydromineral and Metabolic Actions of Triiodothyronine during Hypoosmotic Challenge in Air-Breathing Fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 14, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 29-36

Abstract

The effects of triiodothyronine (T₃) on hydromineral and metabolic regulations were examined in the air-breathing fish Anabas testudineus, kept in either distilled water (DW) or freshwater (FW). Administration of T₃ (40 ng g^-1) for 24 h increased the plasma T₃ level in both DW-challenged and FW fish. An activation of thyroid axis, as evident in the rise of plasma T₄, occurred in DW-challenged fish after T₃ injection whereas plasma T₄ in FW fish classically declined. Substantial reductions in plasma glucose and plasma urea contents occurred after T₃ administration in both FW and DW-challenged fish, and that indicates a metabolic role of T₃ in hypoosmotic acclimation. An increased Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity occurred after T₃ injection in the gills of FW fish, whereas the enzyme activity in the gills of DW-challenged fish failed to produce that effect. On the contrary, an increased Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was found in the kidneys of DW-challenged fish but its activity failed to respond to T₃ in FW fish. T₃ administration had little effect on plasma Na⁺ and K⁺ contents in both FW and DW-challenged fish. Evidences are presented that thyroid has a direct role in hypoosmotic acclimation of climbing perch. Besides confirming the hydromineral and metabolic actions of T₃, the sensitivity of thyroid axis to hyposmotic media has also been demonstrated in this air-breathing fish.

Keywords

Fish, Thyroid Hormone, Metabolic Regulation, Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase Activity, Osmoregulation, Triiodothyronine.

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• Short-Term in Situ Action of Melatonin on Ion Transport in Mice Kept at Restraint Stress

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Authors

A. Sajeeb Khan ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram 695 581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 19, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 20-33

Abstract

Melatonin, a pleiotropic hormone, is involved in many physiological functions including combating oxidative stress. However, its role in ion transport during stress response is not yet understood. The dose-dependent effect of in situ melatonin was examined in Swiss albino mice. Perfusion of melatonin at 10^-7 M for 20 minutes produced a significant decrease in Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the kidney, liver, stomach and intestinal tissues. A dose-responsive decrease in cytosolic and mitochondrial H⁺ ATPase activity was found in these tissues after melatonin perfusion. Likewise, the cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca²⁺ ATPase activities decreased in the kidney, liver, stomach and intestine. The mitochondrial Mg²⁺ ATPase activity decreased in the tested tissues in a dose-responsive manner. Subjecting mice to restraint stress for seven days increased the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, H⁺ ATPase, Ca²⁺ ATPase and Mg²⁺ ATPase activities to significant levels in kidney, liver, stomach and intestinal tissues. On the contrary, in-situ perfusion of melatonin to stressed mice at 10^-9 M caused decrease in the stress-induced hyperactivity of these transmembrane ion transporters. These results provide evidence for a role of melatonin in ion transporter activity and point to a protective role of melatonin in ion transport during stress response in mice.

Keywords

ATPase, Melatonin, Mice, Stress.

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• Nitric Oxide Drives Mitochondrial Energetics in Heart and Liver Mitochondria of Hypoxia-Stressed Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

R. Gayathry ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 30-43

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous free radical that functions as signal molecule, regulates several physiological functions. But in teleost fishes, the influence of NO on mitochondrial energetics is not yet understood. With a view to understanding the short-term in vivo action of NO on mitochondrial energetics in fish, we examined the effects of sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor (SNP) and N-omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME), on major electron carriers and oxidative status in heart and liver mitochondria of an obligate air-breathing fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch) kept at either non-stressed or hypoxia-stressed condition. The total nitrate/nitrite (NO₃^-/NO₂^-) level that corresponds to NO content showed a rise after SNP (5 μg g^-1) and a decline in the heart and liver of non-stressed fish after L-NAME (100 ng g^-1) treatments for 30 min. Water immersion for 30 min that induced hypoxia lowered NO₃^-/NO₂^- level in heart and liver, but showed a rise in NO₃^-/NO₂^- level after SNP treatment of immersion-stressed fish. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production increased after SNP treatment but decreased after L-NAME treatment in heart of hypoxia-stressed fish where as in liver both SNP and L-NAME treatments caused decrease of ROS in stressed fish. SNP treatment increased and L-NAME treatment lowered peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) level in heart and liver of non-stressed fish. SNP treatment lowered the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) but L-NAME treatment increased its activity in mitochondria of heart of hypoxia-stressed fish. In liver mitochondria, however, COX activity showed a rise after these treatments. On the contrary, SNP and L-NAME treatments in stressed fish elevated succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in both heart and liver mitochondria. In heart, LDH activity increased after SNP and L-NAME treatments in both non-stressed and stressed conditions, but not in liver of stressed fish. Put together, the data provide evidence that NO exerts an integrative action on mitochondrial energetics in heart and liver mitochondria of air-breathing fish during their exposure to hypoxia-stress.

Keywords

Anabas testudineus, Cytochrome oxidase, Fish Stress, Hypoxia ROS, Mitochondria Energetics, Nitric Oxide.

Full Text

     

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• Short-Term In Vivo Melatonin Activates Thyroid Axis but Deactivates Interrenal Axis in Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

M. C. Subhash Peter ¹, S. Simi ², Valsa S. Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 55-64

Abstract

As a potent regulator of seasonal and circadian rhythms, melatonin is involved in many neuroendocrine functions in vertebrates including fishes. However, the interactive action of melatonin on thyroid and interrenal axes, metabolite homeostasis and ion status is less addressed in fishes. We thus analyze the plasma thyroxine (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃) and cortisol levels and metabolite status and Na⁺ and K⁺ status in osmoregulatory tissues after short-term of 30 min in vivo exposure of melatonin (0, 0.25, 2.5, 25 ng g^-1) in climbing perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch). A rise in plasma T₄ occurred after 30 min of melatonin treatment, indicating activation of thyroid axis. On the contrary, deactivation of hypothalamo-pituitary-interenal (HPI) axis occurred due to fall in cortisol level along with decrease in plasma T₃ in the melatonin-treated fish. Significant dose-dependent increase in plasma glucose and urea were found in melatonin-treated fish. Similarly, increased plasma [Na⁺] and [K⁺] contents occurred in gill tissues but plasma [Na⁺] and [K⁺] levels remained unaffected after melatonin treatment. In kidney, melatonin treatment augmented [K⁺] but decreased [Na⁺] content, emphasizing a differential cation handling by melatonin. Overall, these results indicate that melatonin exerts a rapid activation of thyroid axis, but deactivates interenal axis while promoting the release of glucose and urea and tissue Na⁺/K⁺ ion levels in freshwater climbing perch.

Keywords

Cortisol, Fish, Interrenal Axis, Melatonin, Metabolites, Tissue Ions, Thyroid Axis, Thyroid Hormone.

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• In Vitro Action of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 Inhibitors on Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, H⁺/K⁺-ATPase and PMCA Activities in the Osmoregulatory Epithelia of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

G. S. Sheetal ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram– 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram– 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 22, No 2 (2018), Pagination: 19–29

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) are involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We tested the short-term in vitro action of inhibitors of MMP2 and MMP9 on P-type ion transporter function in organ explants of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) to understand how these ECM remodeling components influence the ion transporter function in the osmoregulatory epithelia of fish. Graded doses (10^-8, 10^-7 and 10^-6 M) of inhibitors of MMP2 and MMP9 were administered in vitro to explants of gills, kidney and intestine, kept for either 15 or 30 min and the activities of P-type ATPase such as Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (NKA), H⁺/K⁺-ATPase (HKA) and plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase (PMCA) were quantified. We found that the inhibitors of MMP2 and MMP9 produced dose- and time-dependent modulation in the activities of NKA, HKA and PMCA in the tested tissue explants. Incubation of MMP2 and 9 inhibitors at the highest dose (10^-6 M) for 15 and 30 min produced substantial rise in NKA activity. Likewise, HKA activity that showed significant rise after incubation of 10^-7 and 10^-8 M inhibitors in gills and kidney explants, decreased at the lowest dose (10-8 M) of inhibitors. The lower doses of both inhibitors, while increasing PMCA activity in kidney and intestinal explants inhibited its activity in gill explant. These differential tissue-responsive actions of MMP2 and MMP9 inhibitors indicate that these ECM remodeling components can modify the function of the membrane-bound P-type ion transporters in the osmoregulatory tissues of fish.

Keywords

MMP, fish, ECM, Na⁺/ K⁺-ATPase, PMCA, H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Metalloproteinase, Anabas testudineus

Full Text

     

• Regulation of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase in Brain-Gut Axis during Restraint Stress in Ageing Male Mice

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Authors

Ajith M. Thomas ¹, Lija L. Raju ¹, K. Manish ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 1 (2019), Pagination: 1–11

Abstract

Ageing is believed to be a continuous process that begins at conception and proceeds until death. Little is known about the response of mice to ageing and restraint stress. Therefore, in this study, BALB/c mice of different age groups (1, 2, 4 and 6 months) were subjected to restraint stress of 30 min for two consecutive days. Ion transporters being the ion homeostasis regulators of the cell, we explored the response of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase (PMCA) to restraint stress, an acute stressor. We examined the activity pattern of these ATPases in mice gut (fundus and pyloric regions of the stomach, the duodenum and the jejunum) and brain (cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum) in the stressed condition. The pattern of NKA and PMCA activities showed significant shift in stressed mice that corresponds with increasing age. This differential pattern of ion transporter response in the varied regions of the brain and gut present physiological evidence for a spatio-temporal modification of ion-transporter activity during ageing and restraint stress. Overall, the present data point to a vital role of brain-gut axis in the regulation of ion homeostasis in male mice.

Keywords

Ageing, Brain-Gut Axis, Na⁺/K⁺ATPase, Mice, PMCA, Restraint Stress.

Full Text

     

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• Rapid action of Triiodothyronine on Mitochondrial H⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺-Dependent ion Transporters in Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Restraint Mice

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Authors

S. Simi ¹, K. Manish ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram – 695 581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 1 (2019), Pagination: 24–35

Abstract

Thyroid hormones (TH) have a multitude of actions, mainly on development and differentiation during early life and play many vital roles in almost all tissues including neuronal tissues. TH rapidly alters the mitochondrial functions both by its genomic and direct actions on mitochondrial binding sites. The functional relationship between TH and mitochondrial ion transport during stress response has not yet been elucidated in mammals so far. Here, we report a rapid in vivo action of triiodothyronine (T₃) on mitochondrial ion transporter functions in the neuronal clusters of cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of Swiss Albino mouse (Mus musculus) treated short-term with triiodothyronine (T₃; 200ng g^-1) for 30 min either in non-stressed or in restraint-stressed (30 min each day for 7 days). The mH⁺-ATPase activity in the cortex decreased to significant levels after T₃ treatment in both non-stressed and restraint-stressed mice. On the contrary, the mH⁺-ATPase activity in the hippocampus and cerebellum increased to significant levels after T₃ treatment in both non-stressed and restraint-stressed mice. The mCa²⁺-ATPase activity in the cortex and cerebellum decreased to significant levels after T₃ treatment in both non-stressed and restraint-stressed mice. The mCa²⁺-ATPase activity in the hippocampus that increased to significant levels after T₃ treatment, showed a reversal after restraint-stress in T₃-treated mice. The mitochondrial Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the cortex decreased to significant levels after T₃ treatment in restraint-stressed mice. On the contrary, T₃ treatment in restraint stressed mice increased to significant levels the mitochondrial Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the cerebellum. The mitochondrial Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the hippocampus, which increased to significant levels after T₃ treatment in non-stressed mice, reversed its activity in T₃-treated restraint-stressed mice. Spatial and differential action of T₃ on the mitochondrial ion transporters has been found in the present study that corroborates with a rapid modulatory action of T₃ on the transport of H⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the brain mitochondria of mice which appears to be sensitive to restraint stress.

Keywords

Brain, Mice, Mitochondrial Ca²⁺, H⁺, Mg²⁺ATPase, Restraint Stress, Triiodothyronine.

Full Text

     

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• Impact of Restraint Stress on Mitochondrial Ion Transporter Activity in Mice Brain-Gut Regions and Gender Response to Aging

Abstract Views :184  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

Lija L. Raju ¹, Ajith M. Thomas ², K. Manish ², Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology iCEIB, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 65-79

Abstract

The ability to respond suitably and maintain a steady state after exposure to stressors is an essential dynamic element in maintaining ion homeostasis. Besides the factors linked to the stressor itself, there are aspects intrinsic to the organisms that are pertinent to shape the stress response, such as age, gender and genetics. This study in mice analyses the functional role of mitochondria, which may affect the integrated responses to psychological stress. Mitochondria depend on a series of ion transporters to interface the communication between the cytosol and the site of energy production, which is key to the survival of the organism. Ion transporters, like mCa²⁺ATPase, F₁F₀ATPase and mH⁺ATPase, are the functional components of the mitochondria involved in Ca²⁺, H⁺ homeostasis and energy production. Since the process of aging starts with the birth, and ends with the death of an organism, physiological and molecular processes tend to vary throughout aging. Moreover, males and females have qualitatively different mitochondria, and only a little is known about the mitochondrial responses to stressors. Therefore, we hypothesized that mitochondrial ion transporter functions would modulate the organism’s multisystemic response to psychological stress in an age-, gender- and tissue-specific manner. In this study, BALB/c mice of different age groups (4 weeks-, 8 weeks-, 16 weeks- and 24 weeks-old mice) were subjected to restraint stress of 30 minutes for two consecutive days and the ion transporter activity was quantified in the different regions of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum and hippocampus) and the gut (duodenum of the intestine, fundus and pyloric regions of the stomach). Overall, the data indicate that in mice both gender-specific and age-specific differential sensitivities to restraint stress exist in mitochondrial ion transporter function in the brain and gut regions. This further points to a decisive interactive role of stress and sex hormones in the energetics and ion transport performance of brain-gut axis in mice.

Keywords

Aging, Brain Gut Axis, Ion Transport, Mice, Mitochondria, Restraint Stress

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• In Vivo Action of Nitric Oxide Donor Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) on Mitochondrial Ion Transporter Function in Brain Segments of Immersion-Stressed Air-Breathing Fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch)

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Authors

R. Gayathry ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 23, No 2 (2019), Pagination: 99-107

Abstract

The neuronal circuitries of brain and the corresponding ion transporters contribute to the maintenance of ion homeostasis in fish brain. The sensitivity of these neuronal clusters in response to environmental clues brings neural plasticity and subsequent regulation of stress acclimation. Nitric oxide (NO), a gasotransmitter, is involved in ion transport in many peripheral tissues of fishes including air-breathing fish. However, the role of NO in mitochondrial ion transporter activity has not yet been investigated in fish brain. We, therefore, investigated the short-term in vivo action of a NO donor, Sodium Nitro-Prusside (SNP), on mitochondrial ion transporters such as H⁺- Ca²⁺- and Mg²⁺-dependent ATPases in brain segments such as Prosen-Cephalon (PC), Mesen-Cephalon (MC) and Meten-Cephalon (MeC) of immersion-stressed Anabas testudineus. Intraperitoneal injection of SNP for 30 min lowered the activities of bafilomycin-sensitive H⁺ATPase and vanadate sensitive Ca²⁺ATPase in PC, whereas in MeC, these transporters showed significant rise in activities after SNP treatment. The oligomycin-sensitive Mg²⁺ATPase activity showed a significant decrease in PC and MC of brain after SNP treatment in non-stressed fish. Induction of stress by water immersion altered the activities of these ion transporter activities. However, the treatment of SNP in immersed fish showed recovery of the immersion-induced modulation in the activities of these mitochondrial ion transporters. Our data, thus, provide evidence for a decisive role of NO in the recovery process of mitochondrial ion transporters function during immersion stress, confirming a direct differential role of NO in mitochondrial ion homeostasis in teleost brain.

Keywords

Immersion-Stress, Nitric Oxide, Sodium Nitroprusside, Ca²⁺-ATPase, H⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase

Full Text

     

References

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• Nitric Oxide Modifies Hepatic and Cardiac Proton Gradient during Immersion-Stress in the Air- Breathing Fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch): Role of H⁺-ATPase and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase

Abstract Views :180  |  PDF Views:0

Authors

R. Gayathry ¹, Valsa S. Peter ², M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN
2 Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram - 695581, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 24, No 1 (2020), Pagination: 43-52

Abstract

Fishes have evolved complex and multi-step physiological mechanisms to drive ion homeostasis in challenging environments. Induction of stress that disturbs ion homeostasis in fishes evokes recovery response for their survival. Nitric Oxide (NO) as gasotransmitter modulates many physiological mechanisms including ion transport in osmoregulatory epithelia in teleosts. However, little is known about the role of NO in the transport of H⁺ ions that creates proton gradient with the help of H⁺-dependent ATPases like H⁺-ATPase and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, particularly in hepatic and cardiac tissues of bony fish. We, thus, quantified H⁺-ATPase and H⁺/K⁺-ATPase in these tissues after in vivo treatments of NO donor, Sodium Nitro-Prusside (SNP) or NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, in both non-stressed and immersion-stressed air-breathing fish, Anabas testudineus Bloch. We found that elevated NO availability by SNP treatment lowered H⁺-ATPase-driven H⁺ transport in both hepatic and cardiac tissues of immersion-stressed fish. In contrast, NO depletion by L-NAME treatment elevated H⁺-ATPase activity in these tissues of stressed fish, pointing to a direct role of H⁺-ATPase in NO-mediated proton gradient regulation during stress condition. H⁺/K⁺-ATPase that drives H⁺ transport against K⁺ reduced its activity in cardiac tissue by SNP and L-NAME treatments. But L-NAME treatment in stressed fish imposed a higher H⁺ transport in cardiac tissue of these fish. Overall, the data indicate that NO has a vital role in the regulation of H⁺-ATPase-driven proton gradient in both cardiac and hepatic tissues of immersion-stressed fish.

Keywords

Air-Breathing Fish, Immersion-Stress, Nitric Oxide, Sodium Nitroprusside, H⁺-ATPase, H⁺/K⁺-ATPase, L-NAME

Full Text

     

References

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• Regulation of H⁺ and K⁺ Gradients by In Vitro 3,5-Diiodothyronine in Hepatocyte Explants of Hypoxic Air-Breathing Fish Anabas testudineus Bloch

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Authors

S. Aswathi ¹, Valsa S. Peter ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Inter-University Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), School of LifeSciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram − 695581, Kerala., IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 25, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 133-144

Abstract

Thyroid hormone metabolite 3, 5-diiodothyronine (T₂) has been shown to possess physiological actions in vertebrates including fishes. It is, however, not certain if T₂ has a role in cation transport in fish hepatocytes, particularly in a stressed condition. We, therefore, tested the in vitro action of T₂ on the activities of ion transporters such as Na⁺ /K⁺ ATPase, H⁺ / K⁺ ATPase, Na⁺ /NH₄ ⁺ ATPase, vacuolar H⁺ -ATPase, Plasma Membrane Ca²⁺ ATPase (PMCA), mitochondrial Ca²⁺ and mitochondrial H⁺-ATPase as these ATPases are known for their roles in maintaining systemic and cellular cation gradients including proton and potassium gradients. Hepatocyte explants of air-breathing fish (Anabas testudineus, Bloch), either in non-stressed or hypoxic condition, were incubated with varied doses of T₂ (10^-9, 10^-8 and 10^-7 M) for 15 min and the specific activities of these cation-dependent ATPases were analyzed. We found that T₂ exposure evoked higher sensitivity to vacuolar and mitochondrial H⁺ -ATPases and H⁺ /K⁺ ATPase and not to PMCA or mitochondrial Ca²⁺ ATPase. The data also indicated that T₂ has a similar sensitivity to vacuolar and mitochondrial H⁺ -ATPases and H⁺ /K⁺ ATPase in the hepatocytes of both non-stressed and hypoxia-stressed fish. The data thus provide evidence for a direct action of T₂ on the regulation of proton and potassium gradients in the hepatocytes of both non-stressed and hypoxicair-breathing fish.

Keywords

Diiodothyronine, Fish, Hypoxia Stress, T₂ , Na⁺ /K⁺ -ATPase, H⁺ -ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, Na⁺ /NH₄ ⁺ -ATPase

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• Therapeutic Potential of Withania somnifera Extract for Parkinson’s Disease: Impact on Neuronal Synaptic Integrity and Hormonal Regulation

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Authors

Sunitha S. Sukumaran ¹, F. G. Benno Pereira ¹, M. C. Subhash Peter ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram − 695581, Kerala., IN
2 Inter-University, Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology (iCEIB), University of Kerala, Kariavattom,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala − 695581,, IN

Source

Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Vol 25, No 2 (2021), Pagination: 111-120

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease (PD), a multifactorial movement disorder, is neuropathologically characterized by age-dependent neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in Substantia nigra. In PD patients, the hypothalamic dysfunction results in disruption of pituitary hormone secretion. Several genetic mutations contribute to the pathogenesis and advancement of PD. Among them, synaptic protein mutations play a critical role. The treatment of PD, using L-Dopa and other classes of drugs such as dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents, provides only symptomatic relief. Long-term use of these drugs produces side effects and adds to oxidative stress by producing more free radicals, which contribute to disease progression. Synaptic reconstruction and neurite regeneration are the critical steps for the retrieval of normal brain function. So, the therapeutic approach for discovering new effective neuroprotective agents that would enable neurite regeneration and establishing functional synapses is vital. Recently, emphasis has been given to the herbal medicines and their bioactive ingredients to develop alternative therapies to PD, which could provide efficient neuroprotective support to existing drugs. Withania somnifera root extract, containing steroidal alkaloids and steroidal lactones, has shown excellent potential in PD treatment. Even though Withania somnifera offers nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuroprotection by modulating oxidative stress and apoptotic machinery, the exact mechanism of neuroprotection is yet to be elucidated. Withanolide A, one of the active compounds in Withania somnifera, facilitated the neurite outgrowth and reconstruction of synapses in PD models. Additionally, this plant extract appears to alleviate endocrine-associated modifications in PD patients. This review summarizes the major findings on the use of Withania somnifera and its biochemical influences in neuroprotection, regulating endocrine function and maintenance of synaptic integrity of neurons

Keywords

Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Luteinizing Hormone, Neuroprotection, Parkinson’s Disease, Synaptic Protein, Synaptic Reconstruction, Withania somnifera

Full Text

     

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