International Journal of Plant Protection

B. G. Barhate ¹, N. A. Musmade ¹, T. A. Nikhate ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri,AHMEDNAGAR (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Tomato wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici is most important and destructive disease of tomato in Maharashtra, which causes considerable losses in yield of tomato. Therefore, present studies were undertaken to test the efficacy of eight fungicides and six bioagents in vitro and ten varieties of tomato in green house against Fusarium wilt of tomato Among the eight fungicides, Mancozeb + Carbendazim (0.125 + 0.05 %) had completely checked the growth of pathogen which inhibited 100 per cent growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici followed by Thiram + Carbendazim (0.15 + 0.05 %), Carbendazim (0.1 %), Thiram (0.3 %), Carboxin (0.2 %), Captan (0.25 %), Propiconazole (0.2 %), Mancozeb (0.25 %) with 93.75, 92.50, 90.00, 87.50, 81.25, 67.50 and 62.50 per cent growth inhibition over control, respectively. In vitro, the antagonistic effect of four species of Trichoderma and two bacterial bioagents were tested against this pathogen. Among the four Trichoderma species tested, Trichoderma viride recorded highest growth inhibition (85.00 %) of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici followed by T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. koningii with 72.50, 70.00, 61.12 per cent growth inhibition over control, respectively and among two bacterial bioagents, Bacillus subtillis was found more effective than Pseudomonas fluorescens with 79.2 and 62.5 per cent growth inhibition over control. Among the ten varieties tested against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in greenhouse, Bhagyashree and Dhanashree were found moderately resistant to wilt of tomato having 25.00 and 30.00 per cent disease incidence followed by RII-T-2, M-1-3, M-2-2, 8-1- 5,NBC, 6-1, M-1-2 and RII-T1 with 55, 60, 60, 70, 70, 75, 80 and 85 per cent disease incidence, respectively.

Keywords

Tomato, Wilt, Fusarium oxysporum, Chemical, Biological Control, Varietal Resistance.

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B. G. Barhate ¹, N. A. Musmade ¹, J. B. Bahirat ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri,AHMEDNAGAR (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The symptoms produced by the pathogen was most commonly appeared on young leaves and flower bract. Initially it shows numerous, light green to yellow spot, slightly raised appear on the upper surface of leaf. These spot become brown and necrotic with age. The maximum incidence and intensity of chrysanthemum white rust disease was observed at 25-27°C temperature and high relative humidity of 85-90 per cent in protected condition while in case of non protected condition no infection occurred due to high temperature and low humidity. The curative spray of propiconazole was most effective in controlling the CWR, followed by hexaconezole + mancozeb, tridemefon, captan + hexaconezol whereas, other fungicides viz., carbendazim, copper oxychloride, zineb were least effective against the chrysanthemum white rust. Among the 14 varieties screened under artificial epiphytotics in green house, no one was found to be resistant to white rust of chrysanthemum, while seven varieties were moderately resistant to CWR and these are PN-1 (29.33 %) PN-138 (30.33%), PN-6 (29.67 %), D-21 mix (25.00 %), New Dagger (30.00 %), D-No-9 (23.33%), and PN-16 (30.67 %), five were moderately susceptible. One was susceptible, and remaining one was highly susceptible to chrysanthemum white rust.

Keywords

Chrysanthemum, CWR, Quarantine, Climate Change, Fungicides, Varietal Screening.

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R. P. Shinde ¹, B. G. Barhate ¹, M. S. Bandgar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The present investigations were carried out with collection of diseased samples, isolation of the organisms responsible for post harvest spoilage, their pathogenicity, symptomatology, morphological characters and effect of temperature on growth and sporulation in order to suggest suitable control measures in respect of yeast as a bioagent and garlic extract as a botanical in controlling post harvest fungal diseases of grape. The causal organisms were isolated from infected grape berries and recorded association of three fungal pathogens viz., Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata and Penicillium digitatum. The conidial size of A. niger, A. alternata and P. digitatum are measured as 4.4 μm, 42.47 x 16.37 μm and 4.33 – 4.5 μm in size (average), respectively. Use of 5 per cent yeast, (Eremothecium cymbalariae) was found effective against Aspregillus niger (both in vitro and in vivo) and 1 per cent garlic extract was found effective against Alternaria alternata (both in vitro and in vivo).Both yeast and garlic extract increases shelf-life and market quality of fruits, with increase in glossiness of fruits. Temperature 27 ±1⁰C was found optimum for both growth and sporulation of all isolated fungal pathogens.

Keywords

Grape, Yeast, Garlic Extract, Bioagents, Disease Control.

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R. P. Shinde ¹, B. G. Barhate ¹, N. A. Musmade ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Freshly prepared 1 per cent garlic extract and 5 per cent yeast solution were tested against Penicillium digitatum causing fruit rot (green mold ) of sweet orange both under in vitro and in vivo. 1 per cent garlic extract gives 15.7 per cent control and 5 per cent yeast gives 15 per cent control against Penicillium digitatum. Artificially inoculated fruits treated with 1 per cent G. E. were observed in good condition upto 35 days and 5 per cent yeast treated citrus fruits upto 45 days. Use of garlic extract and yeast maintains the quality of citrus fruits, prolonged the shelf-life and delayed the rottenness presence on fruits. Penicillium digitatum could grow between temperature ranges of 20°C to 45°C, however, optimum temperature was 27 ± 1°C at which growth and sporulation of the fungus was maximum.

Keywords

Citrus, Penicillium digitatum, Garlic Extract, Yeast.

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S. L. Kale ¹, B. G. Barhate ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahemednagar (M.S.), IN

Abstract

A study was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahemednagar,Maharashtra during 2014 to 2015 to control Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose or pod blight of soybean with fungicides and bioagents. All the fungicides and bioagents evaluated in vitro were found effective against C. truncatum and recorded significant inhibition of the test pathogen over untreated control. However, carbendazim was found most effective and recorded 0.66 mm mean colony diameter and significantly highest growth inhibition (99.26%) of the test pathogen. This was followed by mancozeb (98.88%), hexaconazole (84.44%), chlorothalonil (80.00%), propiconazole (78.15%) and difenconazole (32.22%). Out of the six bioagents evaluated in vitro T. viride and T. harzianum recorded significantly highest growth inhibition (78.88%) followed by T. hamatum (77.04%), yeast (40.37%), P. fluorescens (27.77%) and mehandi leaf extract (17.77%). In vitro physiological study of pathogen shows that C. truncatum grew well at 27°C temperature with 75 per cent relative humidity.

Keywords

Glycine max, Anthracnose, Colletotrichum truncatum, Fungicides, Bioagents.

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R. P. Shinde ¹, B. G. Barhate ¹, N. A. Musmade ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The present investigations were carried out with collection of diseased samples, isolation of the organisms responsible forpost harvest spoilage, their pathogenicity, symptomatology and morphological characters in order to suggest suitable control measures in respect of yeast as a bioagent and garlic extract as a botanical in controlling post harvest fungal diseases of mango and papaya. The causal organisms was isolated from infected fruits and recorded association of four fungal pathogens viz., Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The pathogenicity of all pathogens was proved by artificial inoculation method. The conidial size of A. niger, A. alternata, , C. gloeosporioides, and R. stolonifer measured as 4.4 μm, 42.47 x 16.37 μm, 9.50 – 18.56 x 2.68 - 6.72 μm and 125 x 294.1 μm in size (average), respectively. Use of 5 per cent yeast, (Eremothecium cymbalariae) was found effective against Aspregillus niger and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides .1 per cent garlic extract was found effective against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria alternata, but not much effective against Alternaria alternata on papaya fruits. Both yeast and garlic extract increases shelf-life and market quality of fruits, with increase in glossiness of fruits.

Keywords

Mango, Papaya, Post Harvest, Garlic Extract, Yeast.

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Dipankar Sarkar ¹, B. G. Barhate ¹, V. R. Joshi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The leaf spot of chilli is important and destructive disease in chilli growing areas of Maharashtra, which is caused by Alternaria alternata. Therefore studies were undertaken at PGI, MPKV, Rahuri during the year 2016-17. For this leaves of chilli leaf spot were collected from the PGI farm MPKV Rahuri, which yielded the pathogen Alternaria alternata. The pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata was tested by Koch’s postulates, which proved that the test pathogen was pathogenic to chilli. In vitro evaluation of effect of temperature and humidity revealed that test pathogen grew well with maximum sporulation at optimum temperature of 27°C with 80 per cent relative humidity. Six bioagents such as Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and yeast (S. cerevisiae) were evaluated in vitro against isolated pathogen applying Dual Culture Technique. Among themT. harzianum was found most effective in inhibiting the growth of Alternaria alternata of about (76.23 %) this was followed by T. hamatum (70.46 %), yeast (S. cerevisiae) (57.98 %), Bacillus subtilis (43.81%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (36.01%) and T. viride (34.81%), respectively. Among the six botanicals leaf extracts (2%) tested in vitro against the pathogen, Neem leaf extract was found most effective inhibiting (55%) of the pathogen Alternaria alternata followed by garlic cloves (41.25%), Tulsi leaf extract (36.25%), nilgiri leaf extract (32.5%), mixture of onion and garlic leaf extract (30%) and parthenium (28.75%) respectively. A total number of six fungicides viz., Carbendazim (0.05%), Chlorothalonil (0.1%), Hexaconazole (0.1%), Mancozeb (0.1%), Propiconazole (0.1%) and Captan (0.1%) were evaluated in vitro against the isolated pathogen applying poison food technique. Among them Mancozeb @ 0.1 %, Carbendazim @ 0.05 % and Captan @ 0.1% recorded maximum growth inhibition of 78.99, 78.66 and 74.78 per cent, respectively of the test pathogen with minimum colony diameter of 17.33 , 17.66 and 20.83 mm, respectively.

Keywords

Chilli, Leaf Spot, Alternaria alternata, Biological Control, Fungicides.

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S. N. Ambhore ¹, B. G. Barhate ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology and Agricultural Microbiology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahemdnagar (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Transgenic Bt cotton expresses Cry1Ac protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. The diversity of ectophytic and endophytic fungi and bacteria in ischolar_mains, stems and leaves from transgenic (Bt) and non transgenic (non Bt)cotton was evaluated during 30, 60 and 90 DAS to investigate possible non-target effects of genetically modified cotton on microbial communities. Total ten fungal and five bacterial organisms were isolated. This studies shows that the ischolar_mains, stems and leaves of Bt and non Bt cotton plants harboured endophytes and ectophytes. Although the no.of endophytic and ectophytic species isolated from the two types of plant did not vary much. While Bt modifications had no effect on endophytes and ectophytes and it is seen from the observations that the Bt gene had not transferred from Bt plants to associated microflora. These results represent the first evaluation of the composition of endophytic and ectophytic fungi as well as bacteria associated with transgenic cotton plants. Also detection of Bt gene in associated microflora by using Bt Express strips.

Keywords

Bt Cotton, Bacteria, Fungi, Microbial Diversity.

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