Laishram Hemchandra ¹, Amar K. Chandra ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, D.M. College of Science, Imphal, IN
2 Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, IN

Abstract

Manipur is a smail hilly state of India located in the foothills of the Himalayas in north east india. The entire state is in tine classical goitre endemic belt of India because of its geographical location in the sub-Himaiayan region of the country'. Considering the consequences of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), the salt iodization programme was enforced during the late 1980s to overcome the problems caused due to these disorders in the entire north east India Including Manipur.

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Amar K. Chandra ¹, Arijit Oebnath ¹, Smritiratan Tripathy ²

Affiliations
1 Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology; University of Calcutta, Kolkata - 700 009, IN
2 Department of General Human Physiology, Haldia Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Haldia - 721 645, West Bengal, IN

Abstract

Considerable progress has been made in the impiementation of the universal salt iodization programme in the countries affected by Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD). The advantage of supplementing with iodized salt is that it is used by all sections of a community irrespective of social and economic status. There are two forms of iodine, which can be used to iodise salt: "iodide" and "iodate" usually as the potassium salt. Iodate is less soluble and more stable than iodide and is therefore preferred for tropical moist conditions. Both are generally referred to as "iodized" salt. Keeping in view of the mean daily intake of common salt of 10 g by the population in different parts of the country, it is mandatory under National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) that a minimum of 15 ppm of iodine should be present per gram of edible salt at the beneficiary level to ensure at least 150 mg of dietary intake of iodine per day through the salt.

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Amar K. Chandra ¹, Smritiratan Tripathy ¹, Sanjukta Mukhopadhyay ¹, Dishari Lahari ¹

Affiliations
1 Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 006, IN

Abstract

Iodine is an important micronutrient for humans. Very small quantity of iodine is required by the thyroid gland daily for the production of thyroid hormones which are needed for the growth, development and normal physiological functions of the human body. Lack of iodine in the diet leads to visible and invisible spectrum of health consequences known as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).

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Amar K. Chandra ¹, Indrajit Ray ¹, Tarun K. Das ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta - 700 009, IN

Abstract

The importance of iodine as an essential element arises from the fact that it is a constituent of thyroid hormone-thyroxine (T₄) and tri iodothyronine (T₃). Thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth including physical and mental development in man and animal1. The basic effect of iodine deficiency is to interfere with the production of thyroid hormones.

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Amar K. Chandra ¹, Indrajit Ray ¹, Prasenjit Ray ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Life Sciences, Tripura University, Agartala 799 044, IN

Abstract

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) has been considered as a major public health problem in recent past all over the world. The major manifestations of IDD are abortion, still birth, goiter, brain damage, impaired physical and mental development that ultimately cause socio-economic retardation of the affected community.

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Amar K. Chandra ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Physiology, Maharaja Bir Bikram College, Agartala- 799004, Tripura, IN

Abstract

Iodine is a rarer chemical element found in water, soil end plants. Man need iodine to make thyroid hormones, essential for normal development of the brain and maintenance of body heat and energy. In iodine deficient environment, the people do not have enough iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis and the deficiency of iodine causes several important health consequences. The major consequences are goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland than normal), weakness and paralysis of muscles, mental defect, deaf-mutism, still birth and miscarriages; as well as lesser degree of physical and mental function Iodine deficiency also affects the socio-economic development of a community.

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