International Journal of Agricultural Sciences https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas <div id="i-scholarabout">International Journal of Agricultural Sciences is an official publication of the HAS. It features the original research in all branches of Agricultural and other cognate branches of sufficient relevance. The journal publi shes three types of articles. i.e. Review/Strategy/Case study (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), Research paper and Research Notc. The manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate with CD in all respect to the Editor, International Journal of Agricultural Sciences</div> Hind Agri-Horticultural Society en-US International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 0973-130X Wheat Genotypes Evaluated under Central Zone for Stability Analysis by Rank based Measures Considering BLUP and BLUE of Yield Values https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204021 Rank based measures of stability had been compared for wheat genotypes evualated in Central Zone of the country as per the BLUP and BLUE of yield values. Measures based on ranks of BLUP of original yield for 2016-17, S<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> measures identified G3, G7, G4 as stable genotypes. Corrected yield measures CS<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> selected G4, G7, G3 for stable performance. Values of NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup> identified G1, G6 as of undesirable types. Association analysis observed positive correlations of S<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup>, with others and themselves. Positive relationships also exhibited by CS<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> and NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup> values to other measures. Biplot analysis exhibited cluster of S<sub>i</sub><sup>6</sup> , S<sub>i</sub><sup>3</sup> , CV, NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(2)</sup>, NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(3)</sup>, NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(4)</sup> and CS<sub>i</sub><sup>7</sup>. Larger cluster comprised of NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(1)</sup> CCV, CSD S<sub>i</sub><sup>1</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>4</sup>, S<sub>i</sub> <sup>5</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>7</sup> , CS<sub>i</sub> <sup>1</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub> <sup>3</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub> <sup>4</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub> <sup>5</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>6</sup> measures. Based on BLUE’s of genotypes yield, measures S<sub>i</sub>s found G3, G7, G4 as the stable genotypes, however G1, G2 would express unstable performance. CS<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> identified G7, G3, G6 as opposed to G3, G5, G7 genotypes as by values NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup>. Positive correlations exhibited by S<sub>i</sub>sexcept of negative with CMR, CMed, Z1 and Z2 values. Ranks of genotypes as per values of CS<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> and NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup> measures expressed direct relationship with most of the measures. Biplot analysis observed large cluster comprised of CCV, CSD, NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(1)</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>1</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>4</sup>,CS<sub>i</sub><sup>1</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub> <sup>3</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>4</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>5</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>6</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>7</sup> measures. Second year of study (2017-18) as per BLUP’s seen, S<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> settled for G6, G5, G3 genotypes. While NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup> settled for G6, G3,G5 as genotypes of stable performance. Highly significant negative correlation of yield observed with most of the measures MR, CV, Med, S<sub>i</sub><sup>3</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>6</sup> ,CMR,NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(2)</sup>, NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(3)</sup>, NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(4)</sup>. Biplot analysis as per first two significant components (accounted for 88.7 %) marked larger cluster contains CS<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> with NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(1)</sup>, S<sub>i</sub><sup>1</sup>, S<sub>i</sub>2 S<sub>i</sub><sup>4</sup>, S<sub>i</sub>5 S<sub>i</sub><sup>7</sup> ,SD, CSD measures. S<sub>i</sub>s rank based measures as per BLUE’s of genotypes pointed towards G5,G4, G6, G1 whereas G6, G5, G1,G3 by CS<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> values. Wheat genotypes G1,G2, G3,G5 settled by least values of NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup> . Direct relationships portraited by S<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>s</sup> and NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup> with others. Larger cluster grouped NP<sub>i</sub><sup>(s)</sup>, CV, CCV, Z1, Z2, Yield, GAI, CS<sub>i</sub><sup>5</sup>, CS<sub>i</sub>6 measures. Ajay Verma G. P. Singh 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Estimation of Gene Effects and Combining Ability Study in Sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i> L.) for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204022 The present study was aimed to study the combining ability in sunflower, study the gene action GCA and SCA effect and GCA and SCA variance in sunflower by evaluating the sunflower hybrids to identify the superior cross combination/ sunflower hybrids in respect to yield and yield components. The crossing was affected in the line x tester fashion and the resultant hybrids were subjected to combining ability studies. The results of this study may be used for the development of new high yielding and stable sunflower hybrids based on the hybridization between the best combiner. The estimates of SCA and GCA variances were highly influenced by highly significant mean square due lines x environments, tester x environments and lines x testers x environments variances in seed filling percentage, while for head diameter, significant interaction between lines x environments and lines x testers x environments variances revealed that testers and hybrids were influenced by environments. The magnitude of estimated component of GCA and SCA variances revealed greater importance of GCAfor head diameter, while of SCA for seed filling percentage. Six parents, CMS-853A and CMS-852A and EC-623027(M), EC-601751, EC-623023 and EC-601725 had significant positive GCA effect for seed yield and some other yield components like head diameter, 100 seed weight and volume weight (g/100cc) depicted that these genotypes appeared to possess high concentration of additive genes for seed yield and component traits. Seed yield, the final expression of above component traits, was found to record high significant mean square for lines, testers and line x tester interaction indicating significant contribution of lines and testers towards general combining ability variance component for the trait. Whereas significant mean square for line x tester indicates the significant contribution of crosses for specific combining ability variance component. Significant L x T proved that variation among hybrid combination was considerably higher. Significant interaction between lines x environments and lines x testers x environments suggested that lines and hybrids were highly influenced by environments. On the basis of pooled analysis, SCA: GCA ratio variances indicated that the most of the total genetic variation for seed yield was resulted in by the non-additive gene effects.The studies revealed that the best cross combination for semi-dwarf plant height coupled with good seed yield per plant and high oil content are CMS-10A X EC-601725, P-89-1A X EC-601751 and P-2-7-1A X EC-601725, respectively. Among the hybrids, CMS-853 A X EC-623027, CMS-853 A X EC-623023, CMS-852 AX EC-623016 possessed superior SCAeffects for seed yield as well as high 100 seed weight and high volume weight. These crosses involved at least one parent with high GCA effects and had high seed yield at per se performance. S.S. Lakshman 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Performance of Rice Varieties, Irrigation Methods and Foliar Spray on Growth Attributes of Aerobic Rice https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204023 A field investigation was carried out at east farm of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal during winter (Navarai), 2017. Two rice varieties viz., V<sub>1</sub> - ADT 46 and V<sub>2</sub> - KMP 175 were evaluated under two irrigation methods viz., I<sub>1</sub> - Surface irrigation as flooding and I<sub>2</sub> - Drip irrigation at 1.2 CP Eeach with six foliar spray treatments on 55 and 75 DAS viz., F<sub>1</sub> – Water spray, F<sub>2</sub> – Silica @ 500 ppm, F<sub>3</sub> – KCl @ 10000 ppm, F<sub>4</sub> – Boric acid @ 0.4 ppm, F<sub>5</sub> – Triacontanol @ 2 ppm, F<sub>6</sub> – Brassinosteroids @ 1 ppm along with F<sub>0</sub> - control. The aerobic rice experiment was laid in Split split plot design. Surface irrigation as flooding (I1) and the variety KMP 175 (V2) have proved superior by registering taller plants when compared to their respective other treatments. However, the number of tillers produced per hill and LAI of the variety ADT 46 were significantly higher when compared to KMP 175 and surface irrigation again had favoured significantly higher number of tillers and LAI. At the same time, the response of ADT 46 in producing higher number of tillers and LAI was significantly higher under surface irrigation method while the response of the variety KMP 175 under both the irrigation methods was similar. Averaged across irrigation methods and foliar treatments, the variety KMP 175 had significantly and consistently registered higher DMP. Similarly, averaged across varieties and irrigation methods, application of brassinosteroids had consistently registered significantly higher DMP at all the growth stages of rice.Among the two varieties tested, KMP 175 had significantly registered lengthier ischolar_mains than ADT 46. On the other hand, the ischolar_main volume and ischolar_main DMP of the variety ADT 46 was significantly higher than the variety KMP 175. Similarly, foliar spraying of KCl, water spray and Brassinosteroids had significantly registered statistically at par and higher ischolar_main volume than the other foliar treatments.Therefore, it could be concluded from the experiment that surface irrigation had favoured most of the growth parameters of aerobic rice. The growth performance of the variety KMP 175 under aerobic soil was significantly higher in terms of plant height, DMP and ischolar_main length whereas ADT 46 had produced more number of tillers, LAI and ischolar_main volume. Among the foliar treatments, brassinosteriods had registered higher DMP and ischolar_main volume. N. A. Kiranmai R. Mohan R. Poonguzhalan S. Nadaradjan 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Performance in on Farm Trials of Mustard Varietis in Bhind District of Madhya Pradesh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204024 The study was conducted in Bhind district of M.P. during 2014-15 to 2016-17. Total eighty on farm trails at farmers field in different villages i.e. Jaganpura, Bespura, Bhikampura, Chiruli, Ruhani Jagir and Devarikala during the years from active participation of district farmers with the to improve the productivity of mustard crop in the district. The improved technologies consist improved varieties i.e. NRCDR-02 and Pusha mustard 28 were trials at farmers field during the years. It has been seen that the improved variety of mustard i.e. NRCDR 02 recorded average higher yield (16.96 q/ha ), while it has been observed 16.01 q / ha. In case of pusa mustard 28. Farmers practice average yield during the years was observed 14.88 q/ ha. The average percentage in yield increased over farmers practice during the years was 11.03, while it was observed in case of NRCDR-02 and Pusa mustard 28 i.e. 12.57 and 9.48 per cent, respectively over farmers practice during the years. Pusa mustard 28 has taken less maturity days (about 14 to 20 days) as compared to NRCDR 02 and pusa mustard 28. The tabulation, mean, B.C. ratio and percentage have been used to draw the results from the data. Rupendra Kumar Raj Singh Kushwah U. C. Sharma Raj Pal Singh Tomar Arvinder Kaur V. S. Bhadauriya S. K. Singh 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Studies on Problems Associated with Farm Mechanization in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204025 Farm mechanization has been recognized as one of the important inputs for increasing the productivity of land by ensuring timeliness and precision of agricultural operations, reduction of loss of crops and food products, increased labour work output per unit time by reducing efforts and drudgery and improved quality of farm operations. Therefore, present study on problems of farm mechanization was conducted in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh. Primary data was compiled from 80 farmers/households (56 small and 24 large) selected randomly from 8 villages of Nurpur and Panchrukhi block in Kangra district. The major problems associated with farm mechanization reported by farmers were undulating and high slope, scattered holdings, small size of fragments, terraced and non-uniform shape of fields, poor financial conditions of the respondents for buying machineries, lack of proper trainings about operation of implements/machineries. Based on the findings of the study, it was suggested that the state government should increase the existing level of subsidy from 25 per cent to 50 per cent on farm machinery and implements especially in case of tractors and power tillers and connectivity of operational holdings with the roads for the overall development of agriculture in hilly areas. The topography in study area is mostly hilly and undulating and was identified as one of the major constraints with respect to farm mechanization. Therefore, emphasis should be given in the designing and manufacturing of small size tractors suitable for the hilly regions of the state. Aditi Raina Rajesh Thakur Sanjeev Kumar 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Relationship between Profile Characteristics and Extent of Precision in Utilization of Inputs by the Rice Farmers in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204026 The present investigation was done to study the relationship between profile characteristics and extent of precision in utilization of inputs by the rice farmers in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. <em>Ex-post facto</em> research design was followed for the study and a sample of 120 respondents was drawn. It was found that the computed ‘r’ values of the variables viz., education, extension contact, social participation, mass media exposure, management orientation, economic orientation and scientific orientation were more than the table value of “r” at 0.01 level of significance and net returns was greater than the table value of “r” at 0.05 level of significance and shown positively significant relationship with the extent of precision by the rice farmers. The computed ‘r’ values of the variables viz., age, farming experience, farm size and cost of cultivation were more than the table value of “r” at 0.05 level of significance in a negative and show negatively significant relationship with the extent of precision by the rice farmers, relationship with the extent of precision by the rice farmers. On the other side, the computed ‘r’ values of the variables viz., annual income, risk orientation, innovativeness, decision making ability and deferred gratification were less than the table value of “r” at 0.01 level of significance. Hence, it could be inferred that there was a non-significant relationship with the extent of precision by the rice farmers. C. Deepa P. V. Sathya Gopal T. Lakshmi S. Hemalatha 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Economic Heterosis Study in Sunflower (<I>Helianthus annuus</I> L.) for Seed and Oil Yield in Newly Developed Hybrids https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204027 Present investigation was carried out to spot out the best hybrid combinations giving high degree of useful heterosis for economic traits like seed and oil yield in sunflower for identification of some superior sunflower hybrids. Economic/Standard heterosis is the measure of heterosis in terms of superiority over the standard check (s) / hybrid (s). The degree of heterosis varied for important useful characters among different crosses. Presence of high heterosis in certain crosses and low in others suggested that the nature of gene action varied with genetic architecture of the parents. A total of 17 sunflower hybrids along with the three national checks, LSFH-171, KBSH-53 and DRSH-1 were evaluated in aRandomized BlockDesign during Rabi-2017-18 and 2018- 19 at Nimpith centre. For oil yield (kg/ha), the highest standard heterosis was observed in sunflower hybrid CMS-852A x RHA- 138-2 which oil yield was recorded 25.4 per cent higher against LSFH-171, 20.4 per cent higher against KBSH-53 and 26.2 per cent higher against DRSH-1, respectively. The significant economic/standard heterosis were also observed in experimental sunflower hybrids viz., CMS-852A x EC-601971 for oil yield, 23.3 per cent higher than LSFH-171, 18.4 per cent higher than KBSH-53, 24.1 per cent higher against DRSH-1, respectively, CMS -853A x EC623025 for oil yield, 19.1 per cent higher than LSFH-171, 14.4 per cent higher than KBSH-53, 19.9 per cent higher against DRSH-1, respectively, CMS-853 A x EC 623023 for oil yield , 19.1 per cent higher than LSFH-171, 14.4 per cent higher than KBSH-53, 19.9 per cent higher against DRSH-1, respectively and CMS-852A x EC-601957 for oil yield, 19.0 per cent higher than LSFH-171, 14.3 per cent higher than KBSH-53, 19.8 per cent higher against DRSH-1, respectively. S. S. Lakshman 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Performance of High Yielding Varieties of Mustard in Cluster Front Line Demonstration using Sulphur and Zinc Under Hathras Condition https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204028 Present study was carried-out during Rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at farmer’s fields of four blocks in Hathras district of Uttar Pradesh. Clusters front line demonstration (CFLD) on mustard crop was conducted on an area of 30 ha with active participation of 75 farmers with improved technologies composed of RH-749 and Giriraj varieties and integrated crop management (Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha + Zinc Sulphate @ 25 kg/ha +Line sowing following Thinning + seed treated with thiram 75% WP @ 3g/kg seed). The results revealed that maximum mean grain yield 24.89 q/ha with an increase in 24.18 per cent over farmers practice (20.04 q/ha). Improved demonstrated technologies of mustard cultivation recorded increased average grain yield during both the years of study. The RH-749 variety gave higher yield as compared to both Giriraj and local check variety Rohini during both the years. The extension gap can be bridged by popularizing package of practices of mustard including improved variety (RH-749), use of optimum seed rate in line sowing, Sulphur @ 40 kg/ha, Zinc Sulphate @ 25 kg/ha, balanced nutrition and recommended plant protection measures. Improved technologies gave higher net return of Rs. 50,555/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.53 as compared to net return from farmers practice Rs. 39,778/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.40. Shyam Singh 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Impact of Frontline Demonstration on Green Gram Yield Through Improved Technologies in Gwalior District of Madhya Pradesh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204029 The present study was conducted in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh during 2007-08 to 2011-12 in 25.20 ha of land with 63 frontline demonstrations have been conducted in Nikodi, Udaipur, Sirol, Bhadrauli, Hiri villages of Gwalior in sandy loam to clay loam soils with the active participation of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the improved technologies of green gram. The improved technologies of green gram consisted of use of improved varieties, seed treatment with Rhizobium culture and PSB (Phosphate soluble bacteria), balance dose of fertilizers,YVM resistance varieties, integrated pest and diseases management and integrated weed management. The average yield of green gram in frontline demonstration recorded higher (9.65q/ ha) as compared to farmers practice (6.75 q/ha). The average increased in the demonstration yield over farmer’s practice was 42.96 per cent. The technology gap, extension gap and technology index were recorded 2.59 q/ha, 2.23 q/ha and 25.94 per cent, respectively. Improved technologies gave higher net return (Rs. 17685 per ha) with a benefit cost ratio 2.73 as compared to farmers practice (Rs.11463 / ha) benefit cost ratio 2.14. Raj Singh Kushwah Rupendra Kumar S. K. Singh Arvinder Kaur V. S. Bhadauria 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Impact of Priming Techniques on Germination, Vigour, Growth and Survivability of Drumstick (<I>Moringa oleifera</I> L.) Variety PKM-1 Under Open and Protected Condition https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204030 The present investigation was carried out in Kharif season 2017-18 at the Horticulture nursery and dry land research farm College of Agriculture, Indore (M.P.) to study the germination, physiological parameters, biotic stress susceptibility, survivability per cent, as influenced by different condition and priming. The experimental materials for the present investigation was practiced with factorial experiment inCompletelyRandomizedDesign replicated thrice with different combinations of condition and priming. Condition and priming (CxP), the treatment combination C<sub>1</sub>P<sub>6</sub> (Open x Hormonal Priming Gibberellic acid @2000 ppm) maximum germination percentage, physiological parameters, survivability per cent, economics while treatment combination C<sub>2</sub>P<sub>1</sub> (Protected x Unprimed) recorded with minimum results in terms of all the parameters except in incidence of pest per cent. Swati Barche Dharmendra Singh Dodiyar Kamal Singh Kirad 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Awareness Regarding Women Empowerment Programmes in Barmer District of Rajasthan https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204031 Empowerment is the main process of social development which can enable women to participate, in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities. Today the empowerment of women has become one of the most important concerns of 21<sup>st</sup> century but practically women empowerment is still an illusion of reality. Empowerment of women is essentially the process of upliftment of economic, social and political status of women, the traditionally underprivileged ones in the society. We observe in our day to day life how women become victimized by various social evils. Women Empowerment is the vital instrument to expand women’s ability to have resources and to make strategic life choices. It is the process of guarding them against all forms of violence. The study is based on purely from secondary sources. The present study was an attempt to know utilization of these programmes by rural home-makers. The study was conducted in 50 rural households of two villages selected from one block of Barmer district. The results revealed that few respondents (9.0 %) were aware of the year of women empowerment as well as various empowerment programmes. (11.7%) home-makers who were aware of Ujjawala (10.0) and MNAREGA (47.0), respectively. However, 15.0 per cent women started using women friendly technologies in their households for drudgery reduction and hence, improving their quality of life. Further, only 3.0 per cent of the respondents was making use of credit facilities for starting their own enterprise to supplement family income as they were completely ignorant about various schemes. Schemes like Widow Pension Scheme, Maternity Benefits and Girl Child Benefits were fully utilized as these provide direct economic gains. Pradeep Pagaria Sonali Sharma 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Polyphenols in Cocoa Beans: A Potential Antioxidant https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204032 Cocoa (<em>Theobroma cacao</em> L.) is a potent source of polyphenol. There are reports that polyphenol and antioxidant activity is positively correlated. The present study investigated the total fat content, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of cocoa beans obtained from twenty different cocoa hybrids. Folin – Ciocalteau (FC) reagent method was used to determine total polyphenol content in cocoa beans. Antioxidant activity was expressed as per cent radical scavenging activity and it was found out using DppH assay. Hybrid PIV 45.4 was found to be superior with respect to polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Correlation studies revealed that total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity is positively correlated (r=0.613). K. S. Shilpa J. S. Minimol B. Suma Gayathri Mohan 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Production Potential and Economics of Mustard under Different Cropping Sequences with Reference to Integrated Nutrient Management https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204033 The experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 1999-2000 and 2000-01 on sandy loam soil at JNKVV, College of Agriculture, Farm, Gwalior (M.P.) to study the effect of different cropping systems and fertility levels on yield, yield attributes and economics of mustard (var. Pusa bold). Results showed that the maximum seed yield (23.05 q ha<sup>-1</sup>), oil content (40.39%), net return (Rs. 23661 ha<sup>-1</sup>), energy output (74024 MJ ha<sup>-1</sup> ) and B:C ratio (3.19) were observed in blackgram – mustard followed by Peral milletmustard cropping system. Fertilizer application of 50% RD + Azotobacter + PSB @ 20g kg<sup>-1</sup> seed, resulted in maximum net return (Rs. 20797 ha<sup>-1</sup>) and B.C. ratio (2.99) as compared to higher application of fertilizers. R. P. S. Tomar 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Evaluation of Various Training Aspects of Agriclinics and Agribusiness Centres (ACABC’s) Scheme in North Eastern Region https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204034 India, a country being largely dependent on agriculture, realised the importance of the welfare of farming community and the graduates of agriculture, implemented the scheme ACABC in the year 2002 across the country. The scheme aims at utilizing the untapped potential of the knowledge possessed by the agri graduates to serve the partners of agriculture. The graduates are trained under the scheme and provided with credit facility. 34 per cent of agriprenuers react well to social media commination as source of advertising. Unemployment issue drives the need to build their own ventures and are more mature in attending the training sessions conducted by the “qualified personnel”. Almost all particpants show positive alignment towards boarding and lodging facilities, also interestingly along with newspaper communication also the wi-fi provision are appreciated. There is scope for improvement in transportation, if provided by the nodal institutions. Overall the acceptance of the training is 53.22 per cent satisfied with ACABC training. K. C. Prakash K. Ranaselva E. P. Banuu Priya 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Extent of Precision in Input Utilization by the Rice Farmers in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204035 The present investigation was done to study the extent of precision in input utilization by the rice farmers in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. <em>Ex-post facto</em> research design was followed for the study and a sample of 120 respondents was drawn. In terms of utilization of seeds, only 44.33 per cent of precision was noticed for seed treatment followed by variety with 49.33 per cent and seed rate with 95.70 per cent by the rice farmers. Overall precision towards all the major fertilizers is only 57.69 per cent by the rice farmers which includes time of application, method of application and dosage of fertilizers. In terms of utilization of insecticides only 30.33 per cent of precision was noticed towards identification of ETL, followed by dosage with 55.52 per cent, followed by use of recommended chemical with 57.22 per cent and quantity of spray fluid with 59.53 per cent in insecticides utilization by the rice farmers. Regarding the utilization of fungicides, only 29.86 per cent of precision was noticed towards identification of ETL, followed by dosage with 66.99 per cent, followed by use of recommended chemical with 68.97 per cent and quantity of spray fluid with 68.97 per cent in utilization of fungicides by the rice farmers. In terms of utilization of herbicides, only 64.83 per cent was noticed towards use of recommended chemical followed by 65.41 per cent of precision in terms of dosage. Regarding the utilization of rodenticides, 62.68 per cent towards use of recommended chemical, followed by 71.64 per cent of precision in terms of dosage. Coming to the overall results, the average of precision of inputs in utilization revealed that, herbicides was found to be having high extent of precision with 65.12 per cent, followed by seeds with 63.12 per cent, rodenticides with 62.16 per cent, fungicides with 60.20 per cent, fertilizers with 57.69 per cent and insecticides with only 50.64 per cent, ranked second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively. C. Deepa P. V. Sathya Gopal 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Assessment of Agricultural Information Needs and Search Behaviour of Farmers in Andhra Pradesh State https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204036 Farmers need information at all stages of crop production to post-harvest management. To assess the agricultural information needs and search behaviours of farmers study was under taken in two districts viz., Krishna and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh state on selected 100 progressive farmers. From the obtained data farmers were divided into three search behaviours and the significance with socio-economic characteristics and information needs were assessed using chi square and Kruskal Wallis test and found literacy status, land holding, usage of mobile phone and technical information, price or market related information were shown significance. Then logit regression was done to identify the type of impact the variables showing on search behaviours and found that secondary education, mobile phone usage and cultivation practices were shown significance impact in negative way. J. Phani Vardhan Y. Prabhavathi 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Screening of Okra (<I>Abelmoschus esculentus</I>) Cultivars for Resistant Against Root-Knot Nematode, <I>Meloidogyne incognita</I> https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204037 The ischolar_main-knot nematode (<em>Meloidogyne incognita</em>) is one of the major limiting factors affecting plant growth and yield causing an estimated $100 billion loss per year worldwide. Synthetic pesticides, though instantaneously effective, are usually prohibitively expensive, not readily available, may cause hazards to both man and livestock and inflict injury to the environment. Notable among the alternatives to nematicides, use of resistant cultivars which are inexpensive and eco-friendly is the only and effective option available for its control. In the present studies, seventy one okra (<em>Abelmoschus esculentus</em>) cultivars were evaluated for resistant against <em>M. incognita</em> under screen house conditions. One week old okra plants of test cultivars were inoculated with 1000 freshly hatched second stage juveniles of <em>M. incognita</em>. Results clearly revealed that all the cultivars showed varying degree of susceptibility against <em>M. incognita</em>. One cultivar (EC 306703) showed resistant and seven cultivars (EC 306697, EC 306700, EC 359891, EC 305718, IC 014018, BB-1, Hisar naveen and Hisar unnat) were rated as moderately resistant reaction against <em>M. incognita</em>. Rest of the cultivars exhibited either susceptible or highly susceptible reaction against <em>M. incognita</em>. No any single cultivar has been found as highly resistant. Cultivar, EC 306703 was rated as resistant and showed less damage by nematode as compared to susceptible cultivars and their planting could provide a useful tool to control ischolar_main-knot nematode. Vinod Kumar Anil Kumar S. K. Dhankhar S. S. Mann 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Effect of Different Dates of Sowing and Fertility Level on Growth, Yield and Economics of Wheat (<I>Triticum aestivum</I> L.) in Gird Zone of Madhya Pradesh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204038 An experiment was conducted during <em>Rabi</em> seasons of 2013-14 and 2015 at RVSKVV, Special Agriculture Research Station, Farm, Bhind (M.P.) with 3 sowing dates and 3 fertility levels treatments. The experiment laid out in Split Plot Design with 3 replications on the basis of two year pooled data result revealed that sowing on 25<sup>th</sup>November with 120:60:40kg/ha NPK, application gave significantly higher grain yield (4.22 t/ ha) and net return (Rs. 53850/ha). Result also prove that the optimum date sowing (25 November) revealed maximum yield attributes, plant height (84.50cm), ear length (8.91cm), grains/ear (47.32) and test weight (39.79g) which were significantly higher than all other showing dates. R. P. S. Tomar S. K. Singh Rupendra Kumar Raj Singh Kushwah 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Analysis of Work Profile in Vegetable Production System https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204039 Vegetable cultivation has become highly commercialized but still there is a wide gap between current production and potential productivity. The present study is an attempt to study the role of women in vegetable production system. Five villages from Dharwad taluka namely Yadawad, Lakmapur, Hebballi, Shivalli and Govinkoppa were selected for the study. The sample size comprised of 50 farm women from the selected villages. The study revealed that majority of the land preparation activities were performed by male gender. The planting/ sowing activities were performed by both male and female. Among weed management activities, spraying of weedicide was performed by only men. On the contrary, hand weeding was performed by only female. Harvesting activities were performed by both male and female gender. The transporting activities performed by male only. On an average the farm women spent 4 to 8 hours on agricultural activities. Majority of them were still following the traditional method and technologies. Hence, there is for introduction of improved/ mechanized agricultural technologies for the farming community to reduce the drudgery and save the labour cost. Renuka Salunke Rajeshwari Desai Geeta Chitagubbi Shreedevi Mugalkhod 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Efficacy of Herbicides on Weed Growth and Bulb Yield in Onion Under Kymour Plateau Region of Madhya Pradesh, India https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204040 Onion (<em>Allium cepa</em> L.) belonging to family Alliacea is one of the most important and export oriented crop grown all over the world including India. The production of onion in Madhya Pradesh is not as much as compared to Maharashtra. Application of herbicides offer a suitable method for weed control by producing maximum sized bulbs and higher yield. The present investigation was carried out during Rabi 2014-15 with the objective to study the effect of herbicides on growth, yield and its attributing traits of onion at Horticulture complex, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur with twelve treatments in Randomized Completely Block Design and three replications. Maximum weed control efficiency was recorded in the treatment Pendimethalin @ 2.5-3 l/ha for all type of weeds observed in the field while maximum growth and yield traits were recorded in weed free check (Hand weeding). On the basis of one year data it is concluded that the maximum reduction in weeds and increase in yield obtained in the onion by the application of herbicide of Pendimethalin 2.5-3 L/ha. Swati Barche K. S. Kirad 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 A Scale to Measure the Knowledge of Marginal Farmers on Organic Farming https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204041 The present study was aimed to construct, develop and standardize a knowledge scale on organic farming for marginal farmers. After going through several related literature, the researcher outlined a scale and after analyzing, the content framed 57 items related to the course. The prepared 57 items were revised and edited carefully and then given to a total 20 numbers of panel of experts in the field of agriculture namely entomology, horticulture, agronomy, soil science and scientists of RARS Titabor for their valuable suggestions and corrections to ensure its quality. Thus, the content validity of the tool was established. After seeking the opinion of the experts, some of the items were reframed. Finally, 44 items were considered to form initial test battery for developing a standardized knowledge test. These items were subjected to item analysis. After which, a total of 18 items were remained for the final study. The initial test prepared was pre-tested with 30 respondents from two villages. The items were revised and finally administered to 90 marginal farmers selected randomly from six non-sampled villages of Jorhat Development Block selected for the study to collect data for item analysis. Gitasree Goswami Manju Dutta Das 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Field Evaluation of Productivity of Gobhi Sarson (<I>Brassica napus</I>) under Cluster Frontline Demonstrations in Faridkot District of South-Western Punjab https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204042 One hundred fifty three front line demonstrations (FLDs) were conducted on farmers’ fields to demonstrate the effect of improved technologies on the productivity of canola type gobhi sarson var. GSC-7 using cluster approach in district Faridkot of Punjab during Rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. The productivity of gobhi sarson under demonstration plots ranged between 19.2 to 20.4 q and 19.9 to 20.8 q/ha, respectively, for year 2016-17 and 2017-18, whereas, under farmers’ practice, the productivity varied from 14.1 to 14.2 q and 16.6 to 17.1 q/ha for the respective years. The maximum value of extension gap to the tune of 5.10 q/ha was recorded in cluster IV followed by cluster III and V (4.75 q/ha), cluster II (4.65 q/ha) and the least was in cluster I (4.10 q/ha). The technology gap in the demonstration plots over potential yield was the lowest i.e. 1.80 q/ha in cluster IV, whereas, the highest technology gap was recorded in cluster I (2.70q/ha). The technology index was 8.09 per cent for cluster IV and the highest (12.13%) for cluster I while the mean technology index was 9.48 per cent. The value of net returns per ha under demonstration plots was Rs. 71594 and Rs. 72170, whereas, farmers’ practice gave net returns per ha of Rs. 40626 and Rs. 52626 for the year 2016- 17 and 2017-18, respectively. The benefit: Cost ratio varied between 3.76 to 4.05 for 2016-17 and 3.73 to 4.04 for 2017-18 under demonstration plots while the value of same under farmers’ practice varied between 2.46 to 2.55 and 2.80 to 2.93, respectively, for year 2016-17 and 2017-18. Sukhwinder Singh Gurdarshan Singh Rakesh Kumar Jagdish Grover 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Agronomic and Physiological Measures to Enhance the Yield and Water Productivity of Aerobic Rice in Coastal Deltaic Region of Karaikal https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204043 A field investigation was carried out at east farm of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal during winter (Navarai), 2017. Two rice varieties viz., V<sub>1</sub> - ADT 46 and V<sub>2</sub> - KMP 175 were evaluated under two irrigation methods viz., I<sub>1</sub> - Surface irrigation as flooding and I<sub>2</sub> - Drip irrigation at 1.2 CPE each with six foliar spray treatments on 55 and 75 DAS viz., F<sub>1</sub> – Water spray, F<sub>2</sub> – Silica @ 500 ppm, F<sub>3</sub> – KCl @ 10000 ppm, F<sub>4</sub> – Boric acid @ 0.4 ppm, F<sub>5</sub> – Triacontanol @ 2 ppm, F<sub>6</sub> – Brassinosteroids @ 1 ppm along with F0 - control. The aerobic rice experiment was laid in Split split plot design. The variety KMP 175 had significantly out-yielded ADT 46 and produced the highest grain and straw yields. Similarly, Brassinosteroids and KCl treated plots had recorded statistically at par and higher grain and straw yields. On the other hand, the surface irrigation and drip irrigation had produced statistically similar grain yield. The harvest index of aerobic rice was averaged at 0.23 which was considerably low when compared to the other irrigated rice growing environments. The total water use by aerobic rice under drip irrigation method was almost 35 per cent lesser than surface irrigation but its use efficiency was almost 21 per cent higher than surface irrigation. Similarly, the variety KMP 175 under both irrigation methods registered 70 per cent higher water use efficiency than ADT 46. The highest gross income, net income and B:C ratio could be achieved if KMP 175 was chosen to grow under surface irrigation along with Brassinosteroids foliar spray. Hence, it is concluded from the experiment that the variety KMP 175 could be chosen to grow as aerobic in the coastal deltaic region of Karaikal coupled with either Brassinosteroids or KCl foliar spray under either surface irrigation if water is not a constraint or with drip irrigation if water is a constraint to achieve higher grain yield and net profit. N. A. Kiranmai R. Mohan R. Poonguzhalan S. Nadaradjan 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Optimising Protocol for Direct Differentiation of Shoot Buds From Leaf <I>ex-plant</I> of <I>Tagetes erecta</I> L. Var. Pusa Narangi Gainda https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204044 Marigold is an important loose flower crop has gained popularity for its pharmaceutical, industrial, medicinal and therapeutic importance. In this present study, we developed a protocol for direct regeneration using <em>in-vitro</em> raised immature leaves of African marigold (<em>Tagetes erecta</em> L.var. “Pusa Narangi Gainda”). A total of eight treatment combinations of growth hormones such as BAP, IAA and GA<sub>3</sub>with MS as a basal media was studied. The best medium found for direct, shoot organogenesis from leaf <em>ex-plant</em> was treatment (T<sub>3</sub>) - MS + BAP 0.5 mg/l + IAA 0.25 mg/l. Pre-treatment with Carbendazim (0.2 %) + Mancozeb (0.2 %) + 8-HQC (200 mg/l) for 2hr followed by HgCl<sub>2</sub> for 4 min. resulted in minimum fungal (24.33%), bacterial (8.33%) contamination simultaneously it increased the survival percentage upto (67.33%). This study is helpful for rapid clonal propagation, production of lutein-rich pharmaceutical compounds and secondary metabolites using tissue culture techniques. Soudamani Karjee Namita Kanwar P. Singh Sapna Panwar 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Evaluation of Chickpea Varieties under Frontline Demonstration at Farmer’s Field in Bhind District of M.P. https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204045 The study was carried out to know the gap between improved packages of practices in gram crop. Frontline demonstration on gram varieties J.G.16, JAKI 92-18 and J.G. 130 were conducted at farmer’s field in the adopted village of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lahar Bhind (M.P.) during the years 2010-11 to 2014-15. The average yield of J.G. 16 variety was 18.07 q/ha. J.G. 16 has given 20.4 q/ha. Highest yield during the year under frontline demonstration while local varieties gave 16.61 q/ha average yield during the year. The variety JAKI -9218 was demonstrated during 2011-12 and 2012-13 gave average yield at the farmers field 17.32 q/ha and 15.99 q/ ha, respectively. While variety conducted farmers practice gave average yield 13.62 q/ha and 13.52 during the years, respectively. The variety was given 18.50 q/ha. Highest yield under FLD, while farmers practice given highest yield 13.90 q/ha. The variety conducted under front line demonstrated was gave 27.16 per cent and 18.26 per cent higher yield over farmers practices during 2011-2012 and 2012-13, respectively. The average B.C. ratio of demonstrated technology was 1:180. J.G. 130 variety of gram tested at farmers field during 2012-13 and gave average yield 17.56 q/ha. While it was 13.1q/ha. in farmers practice. 34.04 per cent increased yield was recorded over farmer’s practices. The variety JG 130 also demonstrated in farmers field under frontline demonstration during 2013-14 and 2014 -15 in 10.40 ha land on 26 farmers field, this variety during the years could not sown its performance due to rainfall and hailstorm during flowering to maturity. The average yield during the years (2013-14 and 2014 -15) was 6.13 and 2.53 q / while it had been seen in case of farmers practice 3.93 q/ha and 2.50 q/ha, respectively. Sixty four demonstration have been conducted during 2010-11 to 2014-15 in 25.80 ha of land. It could be said the yield performance of variety under improved package of practices not only in favour of increased yield but also economic condition of the farmers of the district. Rupendra Kumar Raj Singh Kushwah S. K. Singh U. C. Sharma N. S. Bhadauria R. P. S. Tomar 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Evaluation of Different Rice Genotypes for Resistant Against Rice Root-Knot Nematode, <I>Meloidogyne graminicola</I> https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204046 Screening of different rice genotypes were tested for their resistant reaction against rice ischolar_main-knot nematode,<em>Meloidogyne graminicola</em>. In the present studies, 79 rice genotypes/lines (44 genotypes from OG series and 35 genotypes from AR series including Pusa 1121 and TN-1 as susceptible checks) were evaluated for resistant reaction against <em>M. graminicola</em> was carried out under screen house, Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during <em>Kharif</em>, 2019-20. Seeds of each genotype were sown in the earthen pots (1 kg soil capacity) containing steam sterilized sandy loam soil. One week old seedlings of rice genotypes were inoculated with freshly hatched second stage juveniles of <em>M. graminicola</em> @ 2000 J<sub>2</sub>/pot. Forty five days after inoculation, observations were recorded such as number of eggs and second stage juveniles. The result reveals that the genotypes showed great variation in reaction to <em>M. graminicola</em> from resistant to highly susceptible reaction. Out of 44 genotypes from OG series, 34 showed resistant reaction. However, two genotypes (OG-4 and OG-37) were found moderately resistant and remaining was categorized as susceptible reaction. Similarly, out of 35 genotypes from AR series, two genotypes (AR-08, AR-31) showed resistant reaction against <em>M. graminicola</em>. Four genotypes (AR-06, AR-20, AR-21 and AR-32) showed moderately resistant reaction and rests of the genotypes were categorized as susceptible reaction against <em>M. graminicola</em>. Most of the genotypes were found resistant/moderately resistant to <em>M. graminicola</em> which can be used for future breeding programmes to develop resistant reaction in these genotypes. Vinod Kumar Anil Kumar S. S. Mann 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Economic Evaluation of Cluster Front Line Demonstrations on Chickpea (<I>Cicer arietinum</I> L.) in Faridkot District of South Western Punjab https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204047 A study was conducted in South Western Punjab (India) during 2016-18 to assess the economic performance of clusterwise front line demonstration on chickpea (var PBG-7). One hundred ninety five front line demonstrations (FLDs) were conducted at farmers’ fields to demonstrate the effect of improved technologies on the productivity of chickpea using cluster village approach in Faridkot district of Punjab duringRabi 2016-17 and 2017-18. The productivity of chickpea under demonstration plots ranged between 11.9 to 13.2 q and 12.2 to 14.1 q/ha during year 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively, whereas, under farmers’ practice the productivity varied from 9.5 to 10.7 q and 9.0 to 11.2 q/ha for respective years. The extension gap in the demonstration plots over potential yield was the lowest i.e., 1.8 q/ha in cluster I, whereas, the highest extension gap was recorded in cluster II (3.35q/ha) while the average extension gap over all the clusters was 2.57q/ha. The highest value of technology gap of 7.95 q/ha was recorded in cluster I, however, the least value was recorded in cluster IV (6.35) with the average technology gap of 7.10 q/ha over all the clusters. The technology index (%) was 31.75 for cluster IV, 33.50 for V, 35.5 for III, 37.0 for II and the highest, 39.75 per cent for cluster I, while, the mean technology index was 35.5 per cent. The value of net returns per ha under demonstration plots was Rs. 23550 and Rs. 26310, whereas, farmers practice gave net returns of Rs.14110 and Rs.14180 per ha, respectively, for the years 2016-17 and 2017-18. The benefit : cost ratio ranged from 1.80 to 2.00 for 2016-17 and 1.81 to 2.10 for 2017-18 under demonstration plots while the value of same varied between 1.42 to 1.59 and 1.31 to 1.63 under farmers’ practice for year 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Sukhwinder Singh Gurdarshan Singh Rakesh Kumar 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Effect of <I>Panchagavya foliar</I> Spray on the Plant Metabolism and Grain Yield of Tenai Under Rainfed Condition https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204048 The crop growth and development are constantly influenced by environmental conditions such as stresses which are the most important yield reducing factors in the world. Millets cultivation is the most important agricultural operation in the country, not only in terms of food security, but also in creating better livelihoods, opportunities for rural population. Water stress and other abiotic stresses can dramatically limit and reduce the plant growth and productivity. In the frame of physiological window, mild drought induces regulation of water loss and uptake in plants allowing maintenance of their leaf relative water content within the limits where the photosynthetic capacity shows no or little changes. But severe drought induces unfavourable changes in plants, leading to inhibition of photosynthesis and growth. The use of bioregulators is the quickest and surest way of boosting crop production under rainfed condition. <em>Panchagavya</em> is an organic product blended from five different cow products, commonly applied to crop plants in organic farming. It is used as foliar spray, soil application and seed treatment. It can act as growth promoter and immunity booster. The organic <em>Panchagavya</em> foliar spray significantly influenced various physiological and biochemical parameters. A field experiment was conducted at Centre of Excellence in Millets, Athiyandal, Tiruvannamalai, during <em>Kharif</em>, 2017 to study the effect of <em>Panchagavya</em> foliar spray for enhancing the productivity of tenai under rainfed situation. In a water shortage conditions, application of enriched FYM +Recommended dose of fertilizer + 3%<em>Panchagavya</em> foliar spray improves plant height, no. of tillers per plant, total dry matter partitioning, SPAD chlorophyll content and highest grain yield (1739.0 kg ha-1) of tenai under rainfed condition. K. Ananthi P. Parasuraman 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Studies on Effects of Seed Size on Germination and Seedling Growth of <i>Elaeocarpus</i> and <i>Canarium</i> Tree Species https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204049 An investigation was undertaken on two medicinally important evergreen tree species of Western Ghats namely, <em>Elaeocarpus munronii</em> and <em>Canarium striuctum</em> to improve seed germination and enhance seedling growth in nursery. The seeds collected from two randomly chosen trees in each species were used for the study. In general seed germination was very poor in both the species. The maximum germination of 4.66 per cent was observed in <em>Elaeocarpus munronii</em> and it was 13.33 per cent in <em>Canarium striuctum</em>. Though big and medium size seeds recorded higher germination per cent than small size seeds in both the species studied, the seed size effect on germination was found to be non-significant. The results of the study revealed that seed size did influence seedling growth in both the species. Seeds of bigger size produced seedlings with higher values of shoot length, ischolar_main length and collar diameter but their effect on dry matter accumulation was not significant. The effect of seed treatments on seedling growth was not noticed in <em>Elaeocarpus munronii</em> while seed treatment with sulphuric acid in <em>Canarium striuctum</em> showed slight but significant increase in shoot length, however, other growth parameters remained unaffected. The effects of seed size as well as of seed treatment on germination and seedling growth was found to be similar in both the trees species studied. Basavaraj L. Tamadaddi G. Prabhuling 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Spice Crops Tolerant to Salinity and Alkalinity https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204050 Tolerance and yield of a crop are complex genetic traits, which are difficult to maintain simultaneously since salt stress may occur as a catastrophic agent, be imposed continuously or intermittently or become gradually more severe. Salinity and alkalinity stress have a major impact on spices in the form of their growth, development and yield.Adverse effects of salinity might be due to ion cytotoxicity and osmatic stress, which disrupt homeostasis in water potential and ionic distribution due to disordering in cohesions of membrane lipids and proteins and influence various physiological and biochemical processes. To review the tolerance of spices to salinity and alkalinity, the present paper collates the existing experimental data sets, establishing the salt tolerance limits under saline or alkali environment either in soil ischolar_main zone or which is created due to the application of saline or alkali irrigation water for crop production. Studies show that the salt affected areas and saline irrigation water can be utilized satisfactorily to raise forest and fruit tree species, forage grasses, conventional and non-conventional crops, oil seed crops, spice crops of high economic value, petro-crops and flower plants. Sanjay Kumar Parmod Sharma Narender Kumar Mahesh Kumar Rana 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16 Concept of Soil Organic Carbon Stock https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijas/article/view/204051 Soil organic carbon (SOC) controls ecosystem and agro-ecosystem function, influencing soil fertility, water holding capacity and many other functions. The total amount of C stored in the surface soil is higher than sub surface soil area. It is estimated that the amount of C in the atmospheric pool is about 766 Pg C and about 566 Pg C in living vegetation. It is also of global importance because of its role in the global carbon cycle and therefore, the part it plays in the mitigation of atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Different factors such as topography, climate, and soil physico-chemical properties also effect SOC stock in soil. Past long-term experimental studies have shown that soil organic C is highly sensitive to changes in land use, with changes from native ecosystems such as forest or grassland to agricultural systems almost always resulting in a loss of SOC. Land use change in different part of the world has also been observed to influence SOC stocks in different depth of the soil. Proper management of land use and land management practices and application of fertilizers, organic compost and manures could leads to greater C-storage in the soil, improves soil fertility and crop yield. Kabir Debbarma 2020-06-01 2020-06-01 16