International Journal of Agricultural Engineering https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae <div id="i-scholarabout">International Journal of Agricultural Engineering is an official publication of the HAS. It features the original research in all branches of Agricultural Engineering and other cognate branches of sufficient relevance. The journal publishes three types of artic les. i.e. Review/Strategy/Case study (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), Research paper and Research Note. The manuscripts should be submitted in trip licate with CD in all respect to the Editor, International Journal of Agricultural Engineering,</div> en-US hahs_2005@yahoo.com (Dr. Alka Singh) hahs_2005@yahoo.com (Dr. Alka Singh) Tue, 18 Aug 2020 12:18:25 +0000 OJS 2.4.2.0 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Comparison of Dimensions of Commercially Available Tractor Drawn Rigid Cultivator Tines https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202904 Commercially available agricultural machines are not matching with standards which affect the performances. Many times, commercially available rigid cultivator tines used in tractor drawn cultivator do not match in dimensions as given in respective BIS code. A study conducted in Udaipur, Rajasthan revealed that out of four such tines only one tine T<sub>1</sub> fulfilled the requirement of BIS code 7565:1975 whereas maximum deviation was observed for tine T<sub>2</sub>. C. Naveen Kumar, Ajay Kumar Sharma https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202904 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Evaluation of Growth and Yield Parameters of Sorghum Under Compartmental Bunding in Rainfed Situation https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202905 In order to take full advantage of annual precipitation in dry land agriculture, harvesting entire runoff is essential. In a two-year farmer’s field demonstration at Vijayapur (Karnataka), moisture conservation practices (compartmental bunding, tied ridgind and conventional method) were evaluated for sorghum grown under rainfed conditions. The results indicated that compartmental bunding conserved 15.5 and 24.07 per cent for 2018-19 and 14.07 and 30.55 per cent for 2019-20 more soil moisture as compared to tied ridging and farmer’s practice treatments. Compartmental bunding showed better performance in plant height, grain yield, fodder yield, gross return, net return and B:C ratio over tied ridging and farmer’s practice. Compartmental bunding practice also exhibited higher grain yield of sorghum 2740 kg ha-1 and 2894 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (for 2018-19 and 2019-20), fodder yield 5621 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> and 5883 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> (for 2018-19 and 2019-20), gross return Rs. 35100 and Rs. 358870 (for 2018-19 and 2019-20), net return Rs. 22700 and Rs. 23580 (for 2018-19 and 2019-20) and B:C ratio 2.79 and 2.87 (for 2018-19 and 2019-20). S.A. Biradar, Vivek S. Devarnavadagi, Shivalingappa Hotkar, B. Mallappa https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202905 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Energy Requirement for the Sowing of Wheat After the <i>In-situ</i> Management of Paddy Residues https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202906 The present study assessed the energy requirement for the harvesting of paddy with combine harvesting with/without Super Straw Management System and wheat sowing with different farm machinery having straw retention and straw incorporated in the fields. The straw retention treatments i.e. T<sub>1</sub>and T<sub>2</sub> whereas straw incorporation treatments<em> i.e.</em> T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub> were taken in the study. The total energy consumption was maximum for treatment T<sub>4</sub> (5529.92 MJ/ha), followed by treatment T3 (5487.47 MJ/ha), followed by treatment T<sub>2</sub> (3485.15 MJ/ha) and treatment T<sub>1</sub> (2539.40 MJ/ha). The least human energy consumption (22.01 MJ/ha), diesel energy (551.95 MJ/ha) and tractor and machinery energy (551.95 MJ/ha) was observed for treatment T<sub>1</sub>, while the maximum human energy, diesel energy, and tractor and machinery energy was observed in treatment T<sub>4</sub> (52.17 MJ/ha), T<sub>3</sub> (3442.63 and T<sub>4</sub> (644.89 MJ/ha). The electrical energy (1401.78 MJ/ha) and submersible pump energy (13.68 MJ/ha) was observed in treatment T<sub>3</sub> and T<sub>4</sub>, respectively. The residue retention practice of wheat sowing with Happy Seeder after paddy harvesting with combine harvester having Super Straw Management System is the efficient energy input to manage the paddy residue. Parveen , Ajaib Singh, Ritu Dogra https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202906 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Drying Characteristics of Bael Pulp Using Different Drying Methods and Different Varieties https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202907 Drying is an essential process in the preservation of agricultural products. Various drying methods are employed to dry different agricultural products. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. Choosing the right drying system is thus important in the process of drying agricultural products. An experimental study was performed to determine the drying characteristics of bael pulp subjected to drying in open sun, hot air oven at 60°C and 70°C and cabinet tray dryer at 60°C and 70°C with different varieties Pant Aparna (V<sub>1</sub>), Pant Shivani (V<sub>2</sub>) and Pant Urvashi (V<sub>3</sub>). The entire drying process took place in the falling rate period. Drying curves were constructed using non-dimensional moisture ratio (MR) and time. Drying is the most widely used and a primary method for preservation. According to the experimental result this study revealed that the V1 (Variety Pant Aparna) sample required lower drying time than the other Varieties sample. The drying time decrease with increase of drying air temperature. It was observed that drying process took place in falling rate period. The result indicated that the cabinet tray dryer at 70°C was found better drying characteristics compare to other drying temperatures and methods. Vipul Chaudhary, Vivak Kumar, B.R. Singh, Jaivir Singh, Neelash Chauhan, Pushpendra Kumar https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202907 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Effect of <i>In-situ</i> Moisture Conservation Methods on Growth and Yield of Pigeonpea In Semiarid Conditions of Karnataka https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202908 Broad bed furrow(BBF) and tied ridging (TR) were evaluated in ten farmer’s fields during rainy-winter (<em>Kharif-Rabi</em>) seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20 in Vertisols at Vijayapur, Karnataka. Adopting BBF and tied ridging increased the grain yield by 24.64, 11.68 per cent for 2018-19 and 26.27, 11.21 per cent for 2019-20, respectively. The increase in grain yield indicates that BBF is effective for in-situ rainwater conservation and improving profile soil moisture in Vertisols. However BBF technology conserved higher soil moisture as compared to tied ridging and farmer’s practice over the entire crop growth period. Higher gross and net returns with greater B:C ratio was observed with layout of farmers fields with BBF technology. S.A. Biradar, Vivek S. Devarnavadagi, Shivalingappa Hotkar, B. Mallappa https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202908 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Geometrical Model for Determining Soil Water Content Under Sprinkler and Raingun Irrigation System https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202909 In India, conventional surface irrigation methods to pressurized irrigation systems are in use. Pressurized irrigation including micro irrigation, sprinkler irrigation system as well as raingun are among the efficient irrigation techniques which may achieve field level application efficiency in the range of 60-95 per cent. These have vast potential and suitable for almost all field crops like wheat, gram, pulses, vegetables, cotton, soya bean, tea, coffee, and other fodder crops. The information on soil water content and wetted depth of wetted zone as well as duration of water application has importance towards uniformity and performance of irrigation system. The water content in geometry of soil wetted zone has importance in irrigation management to deliver required amount of water and nutrients to the plants to realize enhanced crop yield. Estimation of water content of wetted zone soil based on simplified geometry will serve purpose for most of field conditions and also reduces complexities encountered in numerical and analytical methods. A model based on simplified geometry and water volume balance was developed to simulate soil water content, wetting depths and duration of water application through sprinkler and raingun irrigation system. The geometry of wetted soil depth resulting from uniform and non-uniform water application through sprinkler and raingun was considered. With uniform water application the soil wetted zone could take shape of cylinder. However, with non-uniform water application, depth of wetted soil volume reduces towards the periphery of the wetted soil, that may be assumed as curved shape of ellipsoid or parabolic shape. Water volume balance method was considered in wetted geometry to develop model to estimate change in soil water content. D.K. Singh, R. Kishore https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202909 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Development of Intensity Duration Frequency Curve, Equation and Nomograph for Udaipur https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202910 For most water engineering projects, estimation of peak intensity of rainfall for different return periods using IDF curves are necessary. These curves are pre-requisite for planning, design, management of various hydraulic structures, urban storm water drainage and water conservation structures. IDF curves can be developed through the application of appropriate statistical distributions based on the historic records of rainfall data. In this paper a mathematical relationship has been developed between maximum intensity of rainfall and Return Period (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 1000 years) for various rainfall duration (1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hour) using best fit distribution. 28 years (1986-2014) of rainfall mass curves have collected and analyzed to get rainfall intensities for various durations from raingauge station installed in Meteorological Observatory, College of Technology and Engineering campus, Udaipur. Around 03 different probability distributions model (Gamble’s extreme value type I, Logpearson type III, Normal distribution) were used to evaluate maximum rainfall intensity for various durations. Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Chi-squared tests were used for the goodness of fit of the probability distributions. Results showed that Gumbel distribution found to be have least critical values for both the tests for all durations hence consider as the best fit distribution for given sample population. The derived precipitation intensities were utilized for generation of intensity duration frequency curve and equation. A nomograph has also developed with 03 parallel parameter scale using method suggested by Luzzadar (1964) to represent this relationship in a graphical form. Harshvardhan Baghel https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202910 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Performance Evaluation of Tomato Crop Under Shadenet House and Open Field Conditions in ihe Shahdol District https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202911 The performance of tomato crop cultivation in open field and under shadenet house condition was evaluated at farmers field in Shahdol district. Under shadenet house condition green colour shade net having 50 per cent shade factor was used in the study. Similar crop along with similar cultural practices in the open field and shade net cultivation was selected for performance evaluation. Drip irrigation facility with similar frequency of irrigation was done on both fields. The study revealed that under shade net condition performance of tomato the crop yield, plant height, harvest duration and number of harvest increased by 56.92 per cent, 53.37 per cent, 38.86 per cent and 59.38 per cent, respectively over open field cultivation. Deepak Chouhan, Mrigendra Singh, P.N. Tripathi, Alpana Sharma https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202911 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Studies on Processing and Storage Stability of Jamun Nectar https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202912 In the study different recipes of Jamun Nectar was standardized to explore the processing potential of Jamun, a minor fruit. There were five different possibilities of recipes. The Nectar prepared from the recipes 20 per cent juice, 14 per cent TSS and 0.30 per cent Acidity gave highest organoleptic quality score followed by Nectar prepared from 20 per cent pulp, 18 per cent TSS and 0.25 per cent Acidity and the quality of the prepared RTS was maintained up to fifth month at ambient temperature. Purandar Mandal, Alok Nath, Bijayalaxmi Mohanta https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202912 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Estimate the Irrigation Water Requirements of Existing and other High Value Crops in the Appapuram Channel Command using ‘AquaCrop’ Model https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202913 This study was carried out to determine the total water requirement needed for 10000 hectares of rice, cotton, maize, chillies, black gram, green gram, sugarcane and other crops are commonly grown in the area, which are being cultivated in appapuram channel command of Krishna Western Delta (KWD) in <em>Kharif</em> and <em>Rabi</em> seasons, respectively. In KWD, water is supplied continuously until about 10 days before harvesting. Water is required to bring the fields to saturation, and to establish a layer of water in the fields to facilitate land preparation, Saturation of water, effective rainfall, evapotranspiration and seepage percolation will be calculated for determination of crop water requirement during the pre-saturation and normal growth periods. The computer simulation model AquaCrop was applied to estimate crop water requirements and yield of rice, cotton chilli, and maize green gram and block gram crops grown in both the seasons. The decennial meteorological data for years 2000-2015. The study showed that the total of 1010, 656.0, 573.3, 816.2, 672.2 mm and 552.2 mm of irrigation water for paddy maize blackgram chilli, cotton, and green gram crops during <em>Kharif</em> and <em>Rabi</em> seasons, respectively which clearly show that there is a misutilization of canal water and non-utilization of ground water to the extent recommended hence the area under cultivation is also lower than the actual potential. K. Kishan, H.V. Hema Kumar https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202913 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Geomorphic Modelling for Small Watersheds using Principal Component Analysis https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202914 Principal Component Analysis was carried out for grouping the different parameters into the Principal Components. To understand the behaviour of all the parameters pertaining to study areas, and to reduce the dimensionality of database, the data pertaining to twelve parameters of ten small watersheds were submitted for Principal Component Analysis. The method of components analysis, then, involves the rotation in the total variable space - an orthogonal or uncorrelated transformation wherein each of the n original variables is describable, in terms of the n new principal components. An important feature of the new components is that they account, in turn, for a maximum amount of variance of the variables. Analysis extracted three components as a Principal Components with 10 parameters, accounting for a total variance of 97.256 per cent. The first component is highly correlated with R<sub>e</sub>, R<sub>c</sub>, S<sub>b</sub> and L<sub>bw</sub> accounting for 68.52 per cent variance. Second component is strongly correlated with R<sub>N</sub> accounting for 18.60 per cent variance and Third with S<sub>c</sub>, accounting for 10.13 per cent variance. Finally, these extracted 10 parameters were used for modeling for prediction of sediment yield and runoff from selected small watersheds of Tapi basin, Maharashtra, India. Sandip Nikam https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202914 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Quality of Solar Tunnel Dried Amla Segments https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202915 <p>In this study, Amla segments dried in different drying methods like sun drying and solar tunnel drying and with different pre-treatments like 2 per cent Sodium Chloride and 0.1 per cent Potassium metabisulphite solutions. The treated samples significantly showed variations in some quality parameter of amla segments. The samples dried in solar tunnel dryer gave lower moisture content compared with that of sun dried samples. The lowest water activity were found to be in 2 per cent Sodium Chloride pre-treated amla segments dried in solar tunnel drying. Solar drying of pre-treated amla segments in solar tunnel dryer resulted in 20-30 per cent reduction in drying time as compared to open-air sun drying. The highest rehydration ratio was found to be in 0.1 per cent Potassium metabisulphite treated amla samples. The quality of rehydrated amla segments dried in solar tunnel dryer was superior when compared to amla segments dried in open sun drying method. The highest vitamin C retention was found to be 125.68 (mg/100 g) in untreated amla samples dried in solar tunnel dryer. The quality of rehydrated amla segments dried in solar tunnel dryer was superior when compared to amla segments dried in open sun drying method. The problem of interruption by rain and cloudy period was solved. The samples dried in the solar tunnel dryer were completely protected from rain, insectsand contamination by dust and were of good quality dried product.</p> U. Priyanka, A. Carolinrathinakumari https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202915 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Structural Analysis of Common Existing Greenhouses Designs in Different Agro Climatic Zones of India https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202916 Greenhouse is popular throughout the country for growing high value crops, which is available in different designs suiting different agro climatic conditions but single design of greenhouse cannot be adopted throughout the country.The wind is the major force responsible for failure of the structure, therefore popular greenhouse designs Quonset, walk in tunnel, gothic and double arc single span and multi-span were selected for the study. In India, the basic wind speed varies from 33 to 55 m/s. The pressure co-efficients due to local wind load were determined as per IS : 14462: 1997 for the designs. Selected designs were analyzed for dead load, live load, snow load, wind load and load combination as per Loads were calculated as per BIS standards. Standards IS: 875 (1987) (Part I – Dead Load, Part II-Live Load, Part III-Wind Load and Part IVSnow Load) and NGMA.All the forces acts on the structures due to individual and combination of loading were determined and behaviour of structural member analyzed and studied using ANSYS 15.0 (finite element model).Two wind angle of attack 0° and 90° were used in dynamic loading of the structures. Wind load was found in the range of 772. 42 to 1396.25 N/mm2. It has been found that some of the specification of the structures need to be revised as some members of the structure fail under combination of loadings. Major changes in specification of structural members (G.I. pipe) of truss, purlins and column of selected greenhouse were determined and standardized to suit local wind loading conditions for greater stability. Results were also validated in field for one of the selected design by installing its improved structure andit was found that total stress value reduced by 35- 46 per cent and deformation by 8-10 per cent. It means sufficient strength was added to the structure without dismantling and any additional cost. Indore Navnath S., S.J. Kale, Akhoon A.B., R.K. Singh, Harmehar Singh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202916 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Soil Moisture Adequacy Index (SMAI) of Jamner and Padalsare stations of Jalgaon district https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202917 Water is limiting factor for crop production and development. The success of dry land farming mainly depends on the evenly distributed rainfall during crop growing period when the rainfall before insufficient to meet the potential needs of transpiration, the ischolar_main zone of soil moisture is utilized for transpiration. This causes soil moisture storage and a situation, which may be designed as group drought occurs. Water deficit study is one of the important aspects in rainfed farming as well as in water resource planning management and allocation of irrigation water studies on water deficit pattern during different year would provide basic information for evaluating climate potential of an area for agriculture planning and development. Soil moisture plays an important role in crop productivity besides weather parameters in rainfed in general and drought prone areas of Jalgaon district in particular, plants survive on available water of the soil. Soil Moisture Adequacy Index above 25% is found from 23<sup>rd</sup> MW, it is 100% in 22<sup>nd</sup> MW at Jamner station. The average weekly rainfall is available predominantly from 23<sup>rd</sup> MW at Jamner station in <em>Kharif</em> and 41<sup>st</sup> MW at <em>Rabi</em> season. Soil Moisture Adequacy Index above 25% from 23<sup>rd</sup> MW and found to be 100% in 51<sup>st</sup>MW at Padalsare station. The average weekly rainfall is available predominantly from 25<sup>th</sup>MW at Padalsare station in <em>Kharif</em> and 41<sup>st</sup> MW at <em>Rabi</em> season. V.N. Nale, K.B. Patil, S.P. Nikam https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202917 Sat, 20 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Jackfruit Seeds and its Physical Properties https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202918 The physical properties of jack fruit seed are essential for the design and facilities for the harvesting handling conveying, separation, drying, aeration, storing, and processing. Various types of cleaning, grading and separation equipments are designed on the basis of their physical properties. The length came between 22.06 mm to 35.68 mm. whereas the width was ranged between 10.66 mm to 21.78 mm. The thickness was in between 8.72 mm to 16.50 mm. The arithmetic mean diameter of jackfruit seed were ranging from 15.02 mm to 23.80 mm. The geometric mean diameter was 13.30 mm to 22.61 mm and the sphericity was found between 0.53 to 0.73. The jackfruit seed showed bulk density as 0.49 g/ml<sup>3</sup>. Whereas the true density was lying between 1.02 g/ml<sup>3</sup> to 1.59 g/ml<sup>3</sup>, while porosity came as 50.27 to 69.17 per cent. Ankur M. Arya, B.R. Singh, Samsher , Suresh Chandra, Neelesh Chauhan, Vaishali , Sweta Singh https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202918 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Development of Maximum Depth-area-duration Curve for Udaipur District using Remote Sensing and GIS Platform https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202919 Rainfall rarely occurs uniformly over a large area. Variations in intensity and total depth of fall occur from the centers to the peripheries of storms. Rainfall depth is decreases from center of the eye of the storm to its peripheries. Knowing the magnitude of this centric point rainfall is very important for water resource or water conservation engineers. Using the temporal and spatial information of the storm, maximum rainfall depth in each area and corresponding duration (1 day, consecutive 2, 3 and 4 days) can be obtained. Daily rainfall data and locations from 17 raingauge covering entire Udaipur district for the period of 41 years is collected. The isohyets maps of one to four day duration were drawn for dominant and severe most storms using Arcmap 10.3. Calculating area between two isohyet lines the average rainfall of each area (covering two isohyets) can be calculated. A curve is drawn between maximum depth of rainfall and coverage area for various durations. The curves showed that the ratio of the amount of rainfall at the center to the area of 11724 km2 is 2.13, 1.51, 1.45 and 1.47 for the durations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 days, respectively. Areal reduction factor s are 0.687, 0.785 and 0.803 for 01, 02, 03 and 04 day, respectively. Harshvardhan Baghel https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202919 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Assessment of Different Infiltration Equations for Cultivated and Pasture Land https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202920 The measure of infiltration of water into the soil is an important indication concerning: the efficiency of irrigation and drainage optimizing the availability of the water for plant improving the yield of the crop and minimizing the erosion. By knowing proper infiltration characteristics and intake capacity of soil, deep percolation losses can be prevented and proper utilization of water may take place. Keeping the importance of infiltration characteristics in mind the study of infiltration was taken. In this study most appropriate methods for determination of infiltration under different land uses were selected among most popular methods. Some of the wellknown equations are Kostiakov equation, Modified Kostiakov equation and Horton equation. These three equations were studied for the assessment infiltration equation. Assessment of these equations was done under different lands covers such as Cultivated land cover, Pasture land cover. From the analysis of the data, it is concluded that for cultivated land cover correlation coefficients for cumulative infiltration were found to be 0.9569, 0.9687 and 0.9724 for Kostiakov, Modified Kostiakov and Horton equation, respectively. As correlation co-efficient for Horton equation is higher, this equation was found best fit for cultivated land cover. Similarly, for pasture land cover the correlation co-efficients for cumulative infiltration were found to be 0.9876, 0.9706 and 0.9891 for Kostiakov, Modified Kostiakov and Horton equation, respectively. As correlation co-efficient for Horton equation is higher, this equation was found best fit for pasture land cover. K.B. Patil, S.P. Nikam, V.N. Nale https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202920 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Performance Evaluation of Mechanized Manufacture of Bottle Gourd <i>Halwa</i> https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202921 India has world’s largest production of milk and 50-55 per cent of its production being used for the manufacture of different Traditional Indian Dairy Products (TIDP). The manufacture of traditional dairy products on large scale requires mechanization and optimization of operating conditions in order to get uniform acceptable quality. Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger (SSHE) of appropriate design is found suitable for production of highly viscous dairy products. Bottle gourd <em>Halwa</em> is one of the Traditional Indian Dairy Products (TIDP) prepared from grated bottle gourd cooked with <em>Ghee</em>, sugar, <em>Khoa</em>, and flavoured by spices like cardamom. The various unit operations involved in preparation of bottle gourd <em>Halwa</em> are shredding, cooking and desiccation with sugar and <em>Khoa</em>. The study was taken to evaluate heat transfer performance of the SSHE during manufacture of bottle gourd <em>Halwa</em> under variable operating conditions. The horizontal SSHE was used for the manufacturing of <em>Halwa</em> using the recipe standardized by Response Surface Methodology. The performance of the SSHE was evaluated at different scraper speeds and operating steam pressures. The rate of evaporation ranged between 12.379 and 19.947 kg water/h during manufacturing of Halwa in SSHE at different operating conditions. It was observed that overall heat transfer co-efficients (U-values) increased with the increase in scraper speed and steam pressure in range of 406 - 600 W/m<sup>2</sup>K. The values of steam consumption and electrical power consumption under different operating conditions during manufacture of bottle gourd Halwa ranged from 18.56 to 36.76 kg/h and 0.398 to 0.410 kWh, respectively. The values of specific steam consumption ranged from 1.659 to 1.697 kg steam/kg water evaporated. The total heat losses during manufacture of <em>Halw</em>a in the SSHE ranged from 20.84 to 23.83 per cent of the heat input at different steam pressures and scraper speeds. C.S. Baladhiya, J.S. Doshi, V.B. Bhalodiya https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202921 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Design and Field Performance of Power Operated Paddy Weeder https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202922 Improper weed control methods can cause about 30–35 per cent reduction in crop yield. The power operated paddy weeder was designed and developed for weeding of paddy crops. In Konkan region, paddy is the major crop cultivated under wet land condition. The hand weeding method using labours is widely adopted at present for paddy. It is costly and drudgerious. Manually operated cono weeders are being used in some of the pockets of Konkan. It’s capacity is less (upto 0.12-0.15 ha/day) and its operation is also heavy due to its weight (7.8 kg). Therefore developed power weeder was designed. It was consisted of engine, gear box, propeller shaft, rotor with blade and main frame and float. The reduction gear box (ratio- 32.5:1) was used to reduce the speed to 200 rpm. The two types of rotors were developed<em> viz.,</em> L shape blade and hexagonal serrated blade. The serrated blade has resulted into 9.41 per cent higher weeding efficiency than L shape blade. The L shape blade has resulted into 1.02 per cent minimum plant damage than serrated blade. The lowest fuel consumption of power weeder was found with of L shape blade as 0.576 l/h at 40 DAS while the maximum fuel consumption was found on using of serrated blade as 0.68 l/h at 20 DAS. The maximum field capacity was found with L shape blade (0.0266 ha/h) than serrated blade (0.0213 ha/h) at 40DAS which is 30.39 per cent higher. P.U. Shahare, D. G. Jadhav, V.V. Aware, N.A. Shirsat https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202922 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Study of Different Automatic Irrigation Systems https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202923 At the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation techniques in India through manual control, in which farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. The farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which varies according to crop, soil and season. Common methods of water distribution can be enhanced or replaced by using recent technological advances. The Government has invested good amount of money to develop the technology in order to increase the productivity of agriculture. Automatic irrigation system is one of the prudent technologies for more efficient utilization of water resources and applies irrigation water as and when required by the crop. This paper presents the available automatic irrigation system controllers in India, which covers them from different firms manufacturing and selling them to the farmers. All the features of these products are explained shortly. A.P. Bowlekar https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202923 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Conjuntive use Planning of Surface and Ground Water Resources https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202924 No Abstract. K. Kishan, H.V. Hema Kumar https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202924 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000 Effect of Tool And Operational Parameters on Performance of Tillage Implements https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202925 This article reviews the basic relationships between the soil parameters, tool geometry and operational parameters on the nature of soil disturbance and draft of the tillage tool. These relations will assist designers and operators of tillage implement or tillage tool in selecting the optimal design of the soil working elements and their supporting frame. C. Naveen Kumar, Ajay Kumar Sharma https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ijae/article/view/202925 Thu, 18 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000