Indian Welding Journal

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Underwater Welding : A Review Paper


Affiliations
1 Cochin Shipyard Limited, India
2 Department of Ship Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


This paper sheds lights on the development of underwater welding. A brief history of underwater welding is touched upon, followed by the different types of underwater welding and the various welding processes used. The various challenges associated with underwater welding, emphasizing on the influence of cooling rate, depth of water on the mechanical properties, microstructure and corrosion properties, is discussed. The characteristics of electrodes used for underwater welding and the metal transfer technique associated with underwater welding are also investigated. The specification for underwater welding AWS D3.6 is also introduced. Finally, the paper explains some of the extremely important safety issues associated with underwater welding.

Keywords

Underwater welding; dry welding; wet welding; metal transfer; safety in underwater welding; challenges of underwater welding.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Khrenov KK and Yarkho VI (1940); Technology of Electric Arc Welding, State Publishing House of the Literature on Mechanical Engineering.

  • Kh20N9G2B, Structure of weld metal of (2014); The Paton Welding Journal, 30(6), pp.135-138.

  • https://www.peoples.ru/state/statesmen/konstantin_hrenov/

  • Fulton R (1986); Advances in underwater welding, OCEANS'86, Washington, USA, pp.121-126.

  • Verma K and Garg HK (2012); Underwater weldingRecent trends and future scope, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 3(2), pp.115-120.

  • Nixon J (2000); Underwater Repair Technology, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, England.

  • Brown RT and Masubuchi K (1975); Fundamental research on underwater welding, Welding Journal, 54(6), pp.178-188.

  • Brown AJ, Staub JA and Masubuchi K (1972); Fundamental study of underwater welding, Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, p.10.

  • https://mochammadimron.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/welding-technology-on-offshore-pipeline/

  • https://www.cromweld.com/underwater-welding/

  • Clukey DA (1999); Evaluation and Analysis of Underwater Wet Welding Process, PhD dissertation, The Ohio State University.

  • Rowe M and Liu S (2001); Recent developments in underwater wet welding, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 6(6), pp.387-396.

  • Świerczyńska A, Dariusz F and Grzegorz R (2017); Diffusible hydrogen management in underwater wet self-shielded flux cored arc welding, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(38), pp.24532-24540.

  • Guo N, Liu D, Guo W, Li H and Feng J (2015); Effect of Ni on microstructure and mechanical properties of underwater wet welding joint, Materials & Design, 77, pp.25-31.

  • Sanchez-Osio A, Liu S, Olson DL and Ibarra S (1995); Designing shielded metal arc consumables for underwater wet welding in offshore applications, 117(3), pp.212-220.

  • Stark LE (1961); Polyethylene binder for flux-coated welding rod, U.S. Patent 3,004,872.

  • Jia C, Zhang T, Maksimov SY and Yuan X (2013); Spectroscopic analysis of the arc plasma of underwater wet flux-cored arc welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 213(8), pp.1370-1377.

  • Tsai CL and Masubuchi K (1979); Mechanisms of rapid cooling in underwater welding, Applied Ocean Research, 1(2), pp.99-110.

  • Omajene JE, Martikainen J, Kah P and Pirinen M (2014); Fundamental difficulties associated with underwater wet welding, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(6), pp.26-31.

  • Ibarra S, Olson DL and Grubbs CE (1989); Underwater wet welding of higher strength offshore steels, Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, Housten, Texas, p.10.

  • Fydrych D, Rogalski G and Łabanowski J (2014); Problems of underwater welding of higher-strength low alloy steels, Institute of Welding Bulletin, 5, pp.187195.

  • Maksimov SY (2010); Underwater arc welding of higher strength low-alloy steels, Welding International, 24(6), pp.449-454.

  • Barnabas SG, Rajakarunakaran S, Pandian GS, Buhari AMI and Muralidharan V (2020); Review on enhancement techniques necessary for the improvement of underwater welding, Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr. 2020.03.725.

  • Xu C, Guo N, Zhang X, Chen H, Fu Y and Zhou L (2020); Internal characteristic of droplet and its influence on the underwater wet welding process stability, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 280, p.116593.

  • Chen H, Guo N, Zhang X, Cheng Q, Zhou L and Wang G (2020); Effect of water flow on the microstructure, mechanical performance, and cracking susceptibility of underwater wet welded Q235 and E40 steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 277, p.116435.

  • Sun K, Zeng M, Shi Y, Hu Y and Shen X (2018); Microstructure and corrosion behavior of S32101 stainless steel underwater dry and wet welded joints, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 256, pp.190-201.

  • Feng J, Wang J, Sun Q, Zhao H, Wu L and Xu P (2017); Investigation on dynamic behaviors of bubble evolution in underwater wet flux-cored arc welding, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 28, pp.156-167.

  • Gao W, Wang D, Cheng F, Di X, Deng C and Xu W (2016); Microstructural and mechanical performance of underwater wet welded S355 steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 238, pp.333-340.

  • Chen H, Guo N, Zhang Z, Liu C, Zhou L and Wang G (2020); A novel strategy for metal transfer controlling in underwater wet welding using ultrasonic-assisted method, Materials Letters, 270, p.127692.

  • Xing C, Jia C, Han Y, Dong S, Yang J and Wu C (2020); Numerical analysis of the metal transfer and welding arc behaviors in underwater flux-cored arc welding, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 153, p.119570.

  • Guo N, Cheng Q, Fu Y, Du Y, Zhang X and Feng J (2019); Investigation on the mass transfer control, process stability and welding quality during underwater pulse current FCAW for Q235, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 46, pp.317-327.

  • Fu Y, Guo N, Du Y, Chen H, Xu C and Feng J (2018); Effect of metal transfer mode on spatter and arc stability in underwater flux-cored wire wet welding, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 35, pp.161-168.

  • Zhang Y, Jia C, Zhao B, Hu J and Wu C (2016); Heat input and metal transfer influences on the weld geometry and microstructure during underwater wet FCAW, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 238, pp.373-382

  • Guo N, Fu Y, Wang Y, Du Y, Feng J and Deng Z (2017); Effects of welding velocity on metal transfer mode and weld morphology in underwater flux-cored wire welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 239, pp.103-112.

  • Chen H, Guo N, Huang L, Zhang X, Feng J and Wang G (2019); Effects of arc bubble behaviors and characteristics on droplet transfer in underwater wet welding using in-situ imaging method, Materials & Design, 170, p.107696.

  • US Navy (1989); U.S. Navy Underwater Cutting & Welding Manual, S0300-BB-MAN-010 0910-LP-1113300, Direction of Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command, Philadelphia, PA.

  • Majumdar JD (2006); Underwater welding- present status and future scope, Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, 3(1), pp.38-47.

  • http://www.ias-group.com.au/view/case-studyarticles/5-sitejacket-structural-steel-pile-strengtheningand-protection-in-splash-zone

  • Zen K (2005); Corrosion and life cycle management of port structures, Corrosion science, 47(10), pp.2353-2360.

  • https://www.cromweld.com/underwater-weldingdangers/

  • Searle JrWF, Fletcher B, Bove AA, Johnson PK and Kunz HS (1976); Underwater Electrical Safety Practices, National Research Council Washington DC Marine Board.

  • http://www.ciplearningstore.com/circuit-blocksets/knife-switch-component-block

  • Molvaer OI and Natrud E (1978); Ear damage due to diving, Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 86(sup360), pp.187-189.


Abstract Views: 353

PDF Views: 6




  • Underwater Welding : A Review Paper

Abstract Views: 353  |  PDF Views: 6

Authors

S. Krishna Prasad
Cochin Shipyard Limited, India
A. Mathiazhagan
Department of Ship Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India

Abstract


This paper sheds lights on the development of underwater welding. A brief history of underwater welding is touched upon, followed by the different types of underwater welding and the various welding processes used. The various challenges associated with underwater welding, emphasizing on the influence of cooling rate, depth of water on the mechanical properties, microstructure and corrosion properties, is discussed. The characteristics of electrodes used for underwater welding and the metal transfer technique associated with underwater welding are also investigated. The specification for underwater welding AWS D3.6 is also introduced. Finally, the paper explains some of the extremely important safety issues associated with underwater welding.

Keywords


Underwater welding; dry welding; wet welding; metal transfer; safety in underwater welding; challenges of underwater welding.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v54i1.205485