Journal of Horticultural Sciences

M. R. Dinesh ¹, K. V. Ravishankar ¹, Donald Sangma ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru – 560 089, IN

Abstract

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important tropical fruits of India in which improvement has been attempted since the early 20^th Century. The species, M. indica, having originated in India, has a large diversity within the country. Extensive surveys have located several wild species of importance, many of them figuring in the IUCN Red List. Conservation and evaluation of these species, as well as the large seedling diversity, needs attention as these could be a source for important traits. Strategies of in situ, ex situ and 'onfarm' conservation should from a priority at this juncture. Hybridization has resulted in several hybrids. Widening of genetic base in polyembryonic varieties and identification of zygotic embryos through markers is the need of the hour for utilization in breeding programmes. Although several of these have not become popular, they can be very well used as pre-breeding lines. Use of molecular markers for selection will greatly reduce time taken for developing improved varieties. Strategies other than hybridization, viz., selection among open-pollinated progenies, should be adopted for identifying better recombinants, as, a large number of progenies are available in this method.

Keywords

Mango, Mangifera india L., Breeding, Polyembryonic, Monoembryonic.

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B. Padmakar ¹, C. Kanupriya ², P. Madhavi Latha ², C. Vasugi ², M. R. Dinesh ², D. Sailaja ³, C. Aswath ²

Affiliations
1 Center for Biotechnology, JNTU, Hyderabad, Telangana, IN
2 ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru - 560089, Karnataka, IN
3 Department of Biotechnology, GRIET, Hyderabad, Telangana, IN

Abstract

The present research focuses mainly on molecular mining and morphological evaluation of guava genome within a full-sib population and, thereby, mapping of quantitative trait loci related to fruit quality traits, viz., seed strength (hardness/softness) and average fruit weight. Linkage maps were enriched for both parental lines, 'Kamsari' and 'Purple Local' using a set of 60 RAPD markers following the pseudo-testcross strategy on a panel of 94 progeny. A total of 480 scorable markers were identified, of which 131 were specific to 'kamsari' and 28 to 'Purple Local', segregating as test cross markers, and, 321 showing intercross pattern common to both. 'Kamsari' spanned a total length of 1959.1cM with average marker interval distance of 3.93cM, while 'Purple Local' spanned a length of 1537.9cM with average marker interval distance of 3.29cM, by forming 11 linkage groups. Estimated genome length observed was 93.02% and 92.77% in 'Kamsari' and 'Purple Local', respectively. Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) was computed at significance of 0.05 and LOD threshold greater than 3.0, which led to detection of one major QTL for the trait of average fruit weight, and, four QTLs for the trait of seed strength (hardness/softness). Of these, two were major and two minor QTLs. Our study provides molecular mapping information on marker-assisted selection for improvement of guava in a breeding program.

Keywords

Composite Interval Mapping, Guava, Linkage Map, Pseudo-Testcross, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL).

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M. R. Dinesh ¹, C. Vasugi ¹, R. Venugopalan ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesarghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru - 560089, IN

Abstract

Mango is a perennial and highly heterozygous plant. Therefore, it takes a long time to breed a variety in this crop. Information on genetic variability among cultivars and hybrids helps plan meaningful crop improvement programmes. Due to the high heterozygosity, complexity of its flowers and poor fruit-set, the progeny population that can be raised from a cross is very meagre. Hence, there is a need to choose parents that have good fruit-set and show genetic divergence. It would also be interesting to establish if the hybrids generated are truly open-pollinated progenies, or arise from controlled crossing. Basic information thus obtained would help chalk out a potentially successful breeding programme. A study in this direction was carried out by using morphological characters of twelve hybrids and their respective parents. Cluster analysis indicated a relationship between the parents and hybrids. Two major clusters were observed from the clustering pattern. In the first cluster, varieties Dashehari, Banganapalli, Manjeera, Sindhu, Janardhan Pasand, Ratna, Rumani, Amrapali, Neelgoa and Alphonso grouped together. The second cluster consisted of vars. Arka Aruna, Neelum, Arka Puneet, Neeleshan, Mulgoa, Mallika, Arka Anmol and Arka Neelkiran. The hybrid, Sindhu was observed to be genetically closer to Ratna than to Alphonso. The sub-clustering pattern also showed a close relationship between parents and their hybrids. The hybrid, Arka Anmol, was found to distantly placed from the centre (8.54), as also the hybrid, Arka Neelkiran (7.05). 'Sindhu' was also found to be closer to the centre (1.55).

Keywords

Breeding, Characterization, Cluster Analysis, Heterozygosity, Genetic Variability.

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M. V. Naga Chaithanya ¹, M. R. Dinesh ², C. Vasugi ², D. C. Lakshmana Reddy ¹, D. Sailaja ³, C. Aswath ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Biotechnology, ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560 089, IN
2 Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560 089, IN
3 Department of Biotechnology, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad-500090, IN

Abstract

Although the varietal diversity is fairly rich in guava, most varieties lack one or more desirable characters. Hence, attempts were made for improving specific traits, viz., attractive pink pulp colour, soft seeds, medium fruit size, high TSS and high ascorbic acid. Genetic diversity analysis is a prerequisite for identifying potential parents in breeding programs and germplasm conservation. Molecular characterization helps discriminate closely-related genotypes, as, this technique is unaffected by environment, rendering it more reliable. In this study, 48 polymorphic SSRs screened from a total of 115 SSR markers were used for analyzing marker segregation in 72 guava accessions. Statistical analysis was done using IDENTITY1.0 and CERVUS 3.0 software. Cluster analysis was done with DARwin 5.0 software, using Wards Minimum Variance method, and weighted group neighbour joining method, to check reliability of grouping among clusters. The trend in grouping was found to be similar in both methods. Dendrograms generated showed that the hybrids clustered with their parents; exotic collections fell into two different sub-groups based on productivity; the wild species formed one group; and Navalar cultivars from Dharwad clustered together, reflecting similar origin.

Keywords

Guava, Genetic Diversity, Dendrogram, Simple Sequence Repeats.

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C. Vasugi ¹, M. R. Dinesh ¹, R. Chithiraichelvan ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Fruit Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore - 560 089, IN

Abstract

Mango is an important fruit crop grown extensively in India. An enormous diversity is seen in its flavour, taste and fruit form unique to particular regions of India. A large diversity for unique pickling types, called 'Appemidi' (tender mangoes), is seen in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. With rapid deforestation in several of these areas, surveys were conducted to collect and conserve these unique types. This resulted in collection of 33 unique accessions which have been conserved in the Institute's field gene bank. On evaluation of tender fruit, accessions 'Chansi Appe', 'Dodderi Jeerige', 'Mani Bhatta Appe', 'Gorana Appe', 'Isagoor Appe', 'Malange', 'Gurumurthy Appe' and 'Kashimidi' were found to possess good traits for tender, whole-fruit pickling.

Keywords

Mango, Evaluation, Appemidi, Pickling, Conservation.

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Sukhen Chandra Das ¹, M. R. Dinesh ²

Affiliations
1 College of Agriculture, Lembucherra, Tripura, IN
2 Department of Fruit Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore - 560 089, IN

Abstract

Papaya (Carica papaya L., Caricaceae) is a fruit crop of commercial significance in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present investigation was carried out to assess physico-chemical characteristics of 10 genotypes of papaya under Bengaluru conditions. Results revealed that the varieties, Sunrise Solo, Waimanalo and the hybrids, H-39 and H-57 had medium-sized fruits. Fruit cavity index was low in the varieties Sunrise Solo, Pink Flesh Sweet and in hybrids H-39 and H-57. Further, Sunrise Solo recorded the highest plant height while the shortest plants were observed in Pusa Dwarf. Weight of the fruits was found to vary from 486.67g in Sunrise Solo, to 1380.33g in Pusa Dwarf. Pulp thickness, TSS and ascorbic acid were found to be maximum in hybrids H-39 and H-57. Lowest titratable acidity too was observed in the hybrids H-39 and H-57.

Keywords

Carica papaya, Physico-Chemical Characteristics, Varieties, Hybrids.

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A. Rekha ¹, M. R. Dinesh ¹, R. Venugopalan ², B. N. S. Murthy ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Fruit Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore – 560 089, IN
2 Section of Economics and Statistics, IN

Abstract

Sapota is classified into two main types based on fruit shape as 'round' and 'oval'. However, there are several intermediates, as, it is a heterozygous tree crop. In this study, an effort was made to group available variability in sapota based on fruit characters and to analyze it. This helps in selection of parents for use in further breeding programmes. Cluster analysis revealed four definite clusters. High variability was observed for fresh-fruit weight, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight at ripening, pulp weight, peel weight, number of seeds and TSS. Correlation studies among fruit parameters indicated positive relationship between all the parameters studied, except TSS which had negative relationship with the rest of the fruit parameters. Selection of distantly placed cultivars in breeding programs stands to result in better progeny for further evaluation.

Keywords

Sapota, Fruit Parameters, Variability, Correlation, Clusters.

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M. R. Dinesh ¹, C. Vasugi ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Fruit Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Bangalore-560089, IN

Abstract

Guava (Psidium guajava L; Myrtaceae) is an important fruit crop of India. High heterozygosity and frequent cross pollination resulted in the present day variability in seedling populations from which promising genotypes have been selected. As of now, there are about 160 cultivars available in India, among which 'Allahabad Safeda' and 'Sardar' varieties are widely cultivated. Crop improvement work attempted in India resulted in release of several superior selections / hybrids. Also, interspecific hybrids resistant to guava wilt were developed at CISH, Lucknow which are graft compatible with commercial varieties of P. guajava. The use of new biotechnological tools like DNA fingerprinting to study the extent of genetic variation among cultivars, rapid multiplication through in vitro shoot-tip culture needs to be employed extensively. Attempts need to be made to spot genetic markers for wilt resistance to improve efficiency in developing wilt resistant clones and ischolar_mainstocks. Survey to identify superior genotypes with Allahabad Safeda traits and high density planting characters like early bearing, compact plant type, favourable response to pruning, good branch angle to minimize branch breakage even under heavy bearing, and, with a high fruit : shoot ratio need to be paid due attention. Work on aneuploidy breeding, development of autotetraploids and in vitro genetic manipulation of somatic cells needs to be intensified.

Keywords

Guava, Improvement, Varieties/Hybrids, Psidium sp.

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Prakash Patil ¹, Neeta Vastrad ¹, M. R. Dinesh ¹, A. R. Bantwal ²

Affiliations
1 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake post, Bangalore-560 089, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta - 577451, IN

Abstract

A revised protocol has been developed for in vitro propogation of papa

Keywords

Micropropagation, Mature Explants, Carica papaya.

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C. Vasugi ¹, K. Sekar ², M. R. Dinesh ¹, E. R. Suresh ¹

Affiliations
1 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bangalore-560089, IN
2 Department of Horticulture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Studies conducted to evaluate the suitability of nineteen unique mango accessions for preparation of tender whole mango pickles revealed that these varieties were characterized by their acidic taste and rich raw mango flavour, which are most prefered for pickle production. The physical and quality parameters viz. fruit shape, weight, raw mango flavour, firmness, titrable acidity, latex flow, pH, dry matter and vitamin C which are important in pickle quality, showed wide variations among different varieties. Based on the sensory evaluation of whole immature green mango pickle prepared by standard fermentation and curing method, the accessions viz., Kashimidi, Isagoor Appe, Malange, Appemidi, Dantimamidi and Jeerige were considered to be most suitable for preparation of tender mango pickles.

Keywords

Germplasm, Raw Tender Mango, Pickle, Variability, Sensory Evaluation, Unique Accession.

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B. Padmakar ¹, M. R. Dinesh ², K. V. Ravishankar ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, Karnataka, IN
2 Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

In the present study, putative marker-trait associations were identified within a core collection of mango cultivars by simple-sequence-repeat marker based association study. A panel of 48 mango varieties which represented the core collection of the South-West region of India, were characterized at the molecular level using 31 simple sequence repeat markers. Morphological characterization included important fruit characteristics viz., fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), pulp content and acidity. The study on population structure revealed two sub-groups in the core collection. Association analysis, computed by General Linear Model (GLM), using TASSEL resulted in the identification of seven markers being associated with the trait titrable acidity where as one marker each of the traits fruit weight and TSS. These traitspecific markers were highly significant at p<0.05 and explained a good amount of phenotypic variation by exhibiting substantial R2 values ranging from 0.71 to 0.86 for acidity, 0.61 for TSS and 0.59 for fruit weight. This is the first report on marker-trait associations (MTA) in mango.

Keywords

Marker-Trait Association, Fruit Characters, Mango, Mangifera indica L.

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Harinder Singh Oberoi ¹, M. R. Dinesh ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru, IN

Abstract

India produced about 97.35 million tons of fruits during 2017-18, of which less than 1% fruits were exported. In India, less than 5% of the total fruits produced are sold by the organized supply chain management and E-commerce companies and 3% of the total produce gets processed, indicating that more than 90% of fruits follow the traditional route of supply chain involving farmers, auctioneers, agents/intermediaries, wholesalers, sub-wholesalers, retailers, cart vendors before they reach the consumers. Post-Harvest (PH) losses occur at each stage of the supply chain and are compounded with each operation. A study on PH loss estimation has shown maximum loss of 15.88% in guava among fruits while other studies have reported much higher PH lossesin fruits. Value of tropical fruits, both in monetary terms and quality reduces during harvesting, handling, transportation from the farmer’s field, packaging, storage, retail and even at the consumer’s level. Important interventions that reduce the PH losses and improve the supply chain management are establishment of pre-cooling facilities and short term storage facilities through evaporative cooling/refrigeration mechanisms at the farm gate, primary processing and packaging provision at the farm gate or nearby collection centres, transportation of fruits in refrigerated/evaporative cooled vans with the use of alternate energy sources and provision for low temperature and high humidity storage at the retail centres. Establishment of a Postharvest management system for sorting, washing, partial drying, edible coating, if required and grading at the collection centres will help in reducing the PH losses in the supply chain and help farmers get a better value for their produce. Formation of farmer clusters or Farmers Producer Organizations (FPOs) provides farmers a better bargaining power because of higher volumes. Educating and bringing awareness among the farmers about the good agricultural practices (GAP), mechanization in field operations, availability of seeds for different seasons, eliminating the problem of seasonality are also important in production of quality output. Transportation of fruits, such as mango, banana and guava in vans/wagons operating through evaporative cooling/ cooling mechanism using phase change material will help in improving the shelf life of such fruits. An integrated radio frequency identification (RFID) system along with the sensors for ethylene, temperature and RH monitoring is likely to help in easy tracking and traceability of the fresh produce. Establishment of primary and secondary processing facility at the farmer cluster/ FPO levels will help in transforming the farmers to primary processors.

Keywords

Collection Centres, Packaging, Post-Harvest Management, Supply Chain, Transportation and Value Chain.

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M. R. Dinesh ¹, M. Sankaran ¹, K. V. Ravishankar ¹, Sunil Gowda ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru - 560 089, IN

Abstract

No Abstract.

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