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Tripati, Sila
- Khalkattapatna Port:The Lost Archaeological Heritage of Odisha, East Coast of India
Abstract Views :197 |
PDF Views:101
Authors
Sila Tripati
1,
R. Mani Murali
1,
Jaya Kumar Seelam
1,
Atula Kumar Pradhan
2,
Rudra Prasad Behera
1,
Richa Choudhury
1
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 MGM Museum, Civil Lines, Raipur 492 001, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 MGM Museum, Civil Lines, Raipur 492 001, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 372-377Abstract
The history of Odisha, lying on the east coast of India, is well documented from the Stone Age onwards. The evidences suggest that the ports of Odisha had contacts with the Arabs, Mediterranean countries and South Asia, as well as Southeast Asian countries. Khalkattapatna, a medieval port located on the banks of River Kushabhadra was discovered by archaeological excavations which suggest that between the 13th and 15th centuries it flourished and had contacts with Arabia and China, in addition to other countries. During recent explorations, a number of terracotta ring wells, stamped pottery, Chinese and celadon ware sherds, bricks and brickbats, and terracotta beads were found on the riverbank and in the waters of River Kushabhadra because of erosion of the north bank of the river. Remote sensing images of this region from 1977 to 2014 were analysed to delineate the river mouth and its course. Google Earth images of 2003 and 2011 were also referred to for an understanding of the migration of the northern bank of River Kushabhadra. This note describes the present state of the Khalkattapatna port, causes of erosion, change of north bank of the river course and its consequences.Full Text
- Teak (Tectona grandis L.F.):A Preferred Timber for Shipbuilding in India as Evidenced from Shipwrecks
Abstract Views :211 |
PDF Views:105
Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Wood Properties and Uses Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560 003, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Wood Properties and Uses Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560 003, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 110, No 11 (2016), Pagination: 2160-2165Abstract
One of the greatest achievements of man is the design and development of a variety of watercraft suitable for marine and riverine purposes and safer for the environment. From ancient times, timber was the main component for the construction of these crafts, until it was replaced by iron/steel. As the size of the vessels increased to accommodate more cargo and overseas trade became more frequent, superior quality timber was used in the construction of vessels. Among the timbers used, teak was mostly preferred for building boats and ships. Many ships have been explored and excavated, and the timber used has been identified, but a detailed microstructural analysis has not been presented. The Cara Merchant or Quedagh Merchant ship, built in Surat, Gujarat, India was pirated by Captain Kidd, and subsequently wrecked off the southeast coast of the Dominican Republic in 1699. Indiana University, USA, carried out exploration to locate Cara Merchant. This communication presents a comparative study of the anatomical analysis of the microstructure of a wood sample with the wood from the wrecked Cara Merchant. This study is an attempt to support the use of teak in boat and shipbuilding as mentioned in the literature.Keywords
Scanning Electron Microscope, Shipbuilding, Shipwreck, Teak, Wood Anatomy.Full Text
- Role of Teak and Other Hardwoods in Shipbuilding as Evidenced from Literature and Shipwrecks
Abstract Views :179 |
PDF Views:115
Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Wood Properties and Engineered Wood Division, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560 003, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Wood Properties and Engineered Wood Division, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560 003, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 111, No 7 (2016), Pagination: 1262-1268Abstract
One of the greatest achievements of man is the invention of watercraft which has been used from the prehistoric period onwards. Over the centuries, varieties of watercraft were designed and developed. Timber was the main component required for construction of boats and ships since ancient times until it was replaced by iron or steel. Once the size and carrying capacity of vessels was enhanced and overseas trade became more frequent, superior quality of timber was used for building boats and ships which were seaworthy. Probably, the Ashtadhyayi of Panini (5th century BC) is the oldest Indian literary work mentioning the use of a variety of timbers. Timber species such as teak (Tectona grandis), sal (Shorea robusta), sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), benteak (Lagestroemia microcarpa), etc. were used in shipbuilding. Among these, teakwood has been termed as most valued on account of its noble qualities, specifically, long-term durability, higher strength and stiffness and absence of development of cracks and splits in the products. Most of the Indian literature as well as travellers have mentioned about the worthiness of teak, but there are no studies to corroborate the accounts. In a later period, the Europeans understood the superiority of teakwood which resulted in slow replacement of traditionally used oak and pine by teak in shipbuilding. The European rulers imposed several restrictions and permissions were not granted for the use of teak by the natives; while on the contrary, the Europeans mostly built their ships from teakwood. This has been confirmed from shipwrecks found around the world. Abundant references are found in literature on the use of teakwood in shipbuilding. There are not many studies related to use of teak in shipbuilding to confirm the statements made in literature, nor timber samples collected from many shipwrecks and archaeological sites analysed. Most of the references to teakwood available in literature as well as wrecks of teakwood-built ships explored so far are referred to in this note.Full Text
- Early Users of Monsoon Winds for Navigation
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Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 113, No 08 (2017), Pagination: 1618-1623Abstract
The maritime history of India can be traced back to the Harappan Civilization. Studies suggest that even at that time, monsoon winds and currents assisted in navigation. Recent archaeological exploration and excavations along the Indian margin, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and coasts of Southeast Asia provide convincing evidence about a maritime network and connections between mariners of India and other parts of the world in ancient times. The author of Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (PES) (60-100 CE) has credited Hippalus (~45 CE), the Greek mariner, with the discovery of monsoon winds and the mid-ocean route to the Indian ports from the Mediterranean. However, archaeological findings of Harappan Civilization, as well as the Vedic and Sangam period texts, suggest that the mariners of India who were trading in the Indian Ocean and adjoining seas had knowledge about monsoon winds much before Hippalus. In this paper, an attempt has been made to demonstrate the fact that knowledge of the monsoon winds was familiar to Indian mariners during the Harappan Civilization as well as in the later period.Full Text
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- Did Romans Have Direct Maritime Trade Contacts with Odisha on the Eastern Indian Littoral?
Abstract Views :236 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 116, No 8 (2019), Pagination: 1391-1397Abstract
Kalinga, Utkal, Odra and Orissa are former names of the present state of Odisha with varied geographical boundaries in different periods of history. The exploration and excavations of Manikapatna, Palur, Radhanagar, Sisupalgarh, Talapada of Odisha have brought to light terracotta Roman bullae with Roman portraits, lamps, amphorae shreds and rouletted ware which suggested that these findings belong to the Roman period (early centuries of Christian era) and Roman mariners had maritime contacts with Odisha from the early historical period onwards, if not earlier. However, it is evident that Roman artefacts such as gold coins, amphorae, Terra Sigillata (Arretine ware), etc., are more abundant in peninsular India than in the rest of the country and these findings are limited in Odisha, but the reasons are not comprehensible. However, archaeological findings from the port and trade centres delineate maritime contacts of Odisha with Southeast Asian countries. Here we discuss the archaeological findings from the port sites of Odisha to understand the maritime contacts with Southeast Asian countries and the Roman Empire and examine why the Roman findings are comparatively less in Odisha than in peninsular and other parts of India.Keywords
Odisha, Maritime Trade, Ports, Romans, Southeast Asia.Full Text
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- Preface
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Current Science, Vol 117, No 10 (2019), Pagination: 1608-1611Abstract
According to The UNESCO convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage 2001, there are an estimated more than three million undiscovered shipwrecks lying on the ocean floor. The Dictionary of disasters at sea also mentions that approximately 12,542 sailing ships and war vessels were lost at sea between 1824 and 1962 CE. Successful voyages of wind driven cargo ships across the seas were governed by a thorough knowledge of the intensity, strength and directional changes in the monsoon winds blowing over the oceans, in particular the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean east. Cyclonic storms which are common to the Indian monsoon circulation during the summer and winter months were also a major hazard to be negotiated by the voyagers. Other factors such as knowledge of bathymetry along the sea route, sand and laterite ridges on the continental shelf and periodic earth movements are vital for successful voyaging in the Indian Ocean region. The trade winds blowing from the equatorial west Pacific facilitated the movement of trading ships from Southeast Asia to India and further west. Similarly, the winter easterlies from the Mediterranean favoured the Red Sea voyagers and movement of ships towards India. The north-east monsoon was also favourable for the Indian ships bound to Southeast Asia.Full Text
- Shipwrecks in the off Shore Waters of the Indian Peninsula–A Review
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Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 UGC Emeritus Fellow, Department of History and Archaeology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 UGC Emeritus Fellow, Department of History and Archaeology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 117, No 10 (2019), Pagination: 1673-1678Abstract
Marine archaeological investigations in the Indian waters have made steady progress during the last four decades, spearheaded by the marine archaeology centre of the CSIR-NIO, Dona Paula, Goa. Wooden and steel hulled shipwrecks have been investigated off Sunchi Reef, St. George’s Reef and Amee Shoals in Goa waters. Sunchi Reef shipwreck is datable to the 17th century CE and was part of the Indo-Portuguese trade and commerce network. The St George’s Reef shipwreck is dated to the 19th century CE. The name stamped on the firebricks of the Amee shoals shipwreck suggests that it could be of British origin, dating around the 1880s or later. Further, steam engine shipwrecks have been explored and documented in the Minicoy waters. An 18th century CE wooden hulled shipwreck has been explored off Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu. The discovery of Poompuhar shipwreck suggests that the wreck represents a local cargo ship carrying lead ingots from manufacturers in Europe. Similarly, explorations have brought to light, a shipwreck off Konark coast of Odisha, details are awaited.Keywords
Goa, Lakshadweep, Odisha, Poompuhar, Shipwrecks.Full Text
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- Indo-Arabian Stone Anchor of Manikapatna, Odisha, East Coast of India: An Indicator of Maritime Contacts of Odisha
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Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 120, No 7 (2021), Pagination: 1211-1216Abstract
Numerous stone and iron anchors of various shapes and sizes have been brought to light during the maritime archaeological explorations along the Indian littoral. And anchors are proxies to maritime archaeological studies. The recent maritime archaeological studies along the Manikapatna Coast of Chilika Lake, Odisha, India, discovered one broken Indo-Arabian stone anchor. The archaeological excavation findings suggest that Manikapatna served as a port from the early historical period up to the 18th century CE. Besides the Indo-Arabian stone anchor, composite, kellick, one-armed anchor with stone stock and single hole stone anchors were previously documented along the Odisha coast. None of the anchors were accompanied by associated findings, nor from any strata, and therefore, these anchors differ in their period and usage. Nonetheless, some of the stone anchors are still used by the fisherfolk of Odisha in their traditional crafts. The finding of the Indo-Arabian stone anchor of Manikapatna has a great significance in the maritime history of Odisha. This paper discusses the Indo- Arabian stone anchor found at Manikapatna coast, its importance in the maritime history of Odisha and in comparison with other Indo-Arabian types of stone anchors of the Indian subcontinent.Keywords
Arab Contacts, Chilika Lake, Manikapatna, Maritime Contact, Stone Anchor.Full Text
References
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- Chemical composition of Low Moor and Walker Company cannons in the Odisha State Maritime Museum, east coast of India
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Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Department of Archaeology, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar 751 014, IN
3 Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Pune 411 005, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Department of Archaeology, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar 751 014, IN
3 Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Pune 411 005, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 122, No 8 (2022), Pagination: 965-973Abstract
Cannons are military or civil weapons supported on carriages or fixed mounts and used in warfare as well as against rebellions. Now, most of the cannons are exhibited in museums, forts, public and private buildings, and open places. Moreover, historical documents provide information on different types of forge-welded or cast cannons, which were manufactured both in India and abroad. Like in other museums, six iron cannons are housed at the Odisha State Maritime Museum, Cuttack, Odisha, India. Among them, two Low Moor (LM) cannons are displayed at the museum’s main entrance, one LM and a Walker Company (WC) cannon are exhibited adjacent to the dockyard located in the museum, and two smaller cannons are displayed in the museum gallery. Similarly, two LM and two WC cannons are displayed at Residency, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, which were deployed during the First War of India’s independence in 1857. None of the LM and WC cannons has displayed a considerable degree of corrosion despite their exposure to the open environment for a long duration. Electron microscopy studies of the LM and WC cannons of the Odisha State Maritime Museum were carried out to ascertain corrosion and decay. This study deals with the results of chemical analysis of the LM and WC cannons, emphasizing the fact that the corrosion rate of these cannons is significantly less than other cannons of India.Keywords
Cannons, chemical analysis, corrosion rate, decay, museums.Full Text
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