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Current Science

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2016

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Wani, S. P.

Soil Information System: Web-Based Solution for Agricultural Land-use Planning

Abstract Views :224 | PDF Views:101

Authors

Tapas Bhattacharyya ¹, S. P. Wani ¹, P. Chandran ², P. Tiwary ², D. K. Pal ², K. L. Sahrawat ¹, M. Velayutham ²

Affiliations
1 International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502 324, IN
2 National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 010, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 110, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 241-245

Abstract

The soil-forming factors, especially climate, vegetation and topography, act on a range of rock formations and parent materials leading to the development of different kinds of soils. Through concerted efforts, soil datasets generated earlier are used to develop maps and soil information systems at different scales. Progress in basic and fundamental research on the formation of Indian soils as related to climate, relief, organisms, parent materials and time has helped in developing the soil information system.

Keywords

Agriculture, Information Technology, Landuse Planning, Soils.

Full Text

References

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Comparison of Data Mining Approaches for Estimating Soil Nutrient Contents Using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract Views :284 | PDF Views:82

Authors

M. C. Sarathjith ¹, B. S. Das ², S. P. Wani ³, K. L. Sahrawat ³, A. Gupta ²

Affiliations
1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Bamako, BP-320, ML
2 Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, IN
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 110, No 6 (2016), Pagination: 1031-1037

Abstract

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) operating in wavelength range of 350-2500 nm is emerging as a rapid and non-invasive approach for estimating soil nutrient content. The success of the DRS approach relies on the ability of the data mining algorithms to extract appropriate spectral features while accounting for non-linearity and complexity of the reflectance spectra. There is no comparative assessment of spectral algorithms for estimating nutrient content of Indian soils. We compare the performance of partialleast- squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) and their combinations (DWT-PLSR and DWT-SVR) to estimate soil nutrient content. The DRS models were generated for extractable phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), boron (B), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) content in Vertisols and Alfisols and were compared using residual prediction deviation (RPD) of validation dataset. The best DRS models yielded accurate predictions for P (RPD = 2.27), Fe (RPD = 2.91) in Vertisols and Fe (RPD = 2.43) in Alfisols, while B (RPD = 1.63), Zn (RPD = 1.49) in Vertisols and K (RPD = 1.89), Zn (RPD = 1.41) in Alfisols were predicted with moderate accuracy. The DWT-SVR outperformed all other approaches in case of P, K and Fe in Vertisols and P, K and Zn in Alfisols; whereas, the PLSR approach was better for B, Zn and Al in Vertisols and B, Fe and Al in Alfisols. The DWT-SVR approach yielded parsimonious DRS models with similar or better prediction accuracy than PLSR approach. Hence, the DWT-SVR may be considered as a suitable data mining approach for estimating soil nutrients in Alfisols and Vertisols of India.

Keywords

Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, Discrete Wavelet Transformation, Partial-Least-Squares Regression, Soil Nutrient Contents, Support Vector Regression.

Full Text

References

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Sarathjith, M. C., Das, B. S., Wani, S. P. and Sahrawat, K. L., Dependency measures for assessing the covariation of spectrally active and inactive soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2014, 78, 1522–1530.

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Monitoring Efficacy of Constructed Wetland for Treating Domestic Effluent-Microbiological Approach

Abstract Views :258 | PDF Views:89

Authors

M. Kaushal ¹, S. P. Wani ¹, M. D. Patil ¹, A. Datta ¹

Affiliations
1 ICRISAT Development Center, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 110, No 9 (2016), Pagination: 1710-1715

Abstract

Water scarcity and elevated potential in wastewater treatment in the last decades raise attention towards constructed wetlands (CWs). The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of CW for faecal coliform (FC) expulsion and to isolate and characterize the microbial communities. Significant differences were observed between influent and effluent microbial counts of vegetated and control cells (without vegetation) of wetland. FC reduction ranged from 64% to 81%; however, total bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes average poll ranged from 66.67 × 10⁵ cfu/g to 142.67 × 10⁵ cfu/g, 1.67 × 10² cfu/g to 10.33 × 10² cfu/g and 16.00 × 10³ cfu/g to 53.33 × 10³ cfu/g respectively, isolated from vegetated and control cells. Results further indicated that bacteria were most abundant, followed by actinomycetes, whereas the number of fungi was least among three groups of microbes, which could be attributed to wide tolerance to the properties of CW. Removal of FC was less apparent initially compared to the later stages of operation, which is of concern for long-term efficiency and stability of wetland. Also, diversity of identified bacterial strains is beneficial for growth and yield enhancement of agriculture crops. The results also demonstrate that CWs are the key habitats for bioactive actinomycetes with paramount medical, scientific and economic potential significance globally in general and developing countries like India in particular. Overall, backwash imparts the baseline compilation of CWs for its management for sustainable agriculture.

Keywords

Actinomycetes, Bacteria, Constructed Wetland, Faecal Coliform, MPN.

Full Text

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Field Scale Evaluation of Seasonal Wastewater Treatment Efficiencies of Free Surface-Constructed Wetlands in ICRISAT, India

Abstract Views :324 | PDF Views:94

Authors

A. Datta ¹, S. P. Wani ¹, M. D. Patil ¹, A. S. Tilak ¹

Affiliations
1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 110, No 9 (2016), Pagination: 1756-1763

Abstract

The disparity between volume of wastewater generated and treated has resulted in severe water pollution and eutrophication of the water bodies in most Indian cities. Constructed wetlands (CWs) present a low-cost wastewater treatment option; however, field scale studies with real life wastewater are limited. Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Typha latifolia (Typha) and Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) grow abundantly in eutrophicated water bodies, and are known for their nutrient uptake ability. In the present study, the wastewater of a nearby urban residential colony was treated by two-field scale free water surface CWs operating under identical hydraulic loading. The first treatment cells, in each of these two CWs were vegetated with Typha. The second treatment cells were vegetated with water hyacinth (CW-1) in one of the CWs and with water lettuce (CW-2) in the other. Wastewater treatment efficiencies of these free water surface CWs were evaluated, in terms of the removal efficiencies for key parameters, viz. chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate and total suspended solids (TSS). The CW-1 showed greater seasonal variation in performance. A steady removal efficiency of 35-40% was observed for ammoniacal nitrogen in both the free water surface CWs throughout the year, though removal efficiency of nitrate nitrogen reduced significantly during the winter. Plant sample analysis showed that the N, P and K uptake capacities of water lettuce were 1.53, 1.55 and 1.34 times higher than that of water hyacinth, for identical wastewater loading. The dry weight of the harvested biomass for water lettuce, during summer months, was much higher at 5.63 g/m²/d compared to 3.8 g/m²/d for water hyacinth.

Keywords

Constructed Wetland, Domestic Wastewater, Field Scale, Free Water Surface, Macrophytes.

Full Text

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Evaluating Wastewater Treatment Efficiency of Two Field Scale Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

Abstract Views :287 | PDF Views:105

Authors

A. S. Tilak ¹, S. P. Wani ¹, M. D. Patil ¹, A. Datta ¹

Affiliations
1 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 110, No 9 (2016), Pagination: 1764-1772

Abstract

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are human-made systems designed to treat a variety of industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewaters. We study here the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment by two field scale subsurface flow CWs under different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). Each CW had inlet and outlet chamber for wastewater collection with Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce), two treatment sections consisting of sand and gravel media and four plant species Typha latifolia (Broadleaf cattail) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass - first CW) and (Pennisetum purpureum schum and Pennisetum americanum L (Hybrid napier) and Urochloa mutica (Paragrass - second CW). The wastewater source was from a residential urban colony. The HLRs for the first and second CW for a three-month period averaged 4.45 cm/day and 5.77 cm/day respectively. The CW was monitored for quality of wastewater inflows and outflows and nutrient accumulation in plants and sand media. Results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen and total phosphate removals in the first and second CW over a three-month period averaged 42%, 74%, 39% and 41% and 34%, 82%, 14% and 35% respectively. Both the CWs showed similar rates of TSS removal irrespective of the type of wetland plant species. Over the three-month period, average COD, total nitrogen and the phosphate removals were greater in the first CW compared to the second CW. These results confirm the efficacy of field scale subsurface flow CWs to improve the quality of domestic wastewater in rural communities of developing countries like India.

Keywords

Constructed Wetlands, Domestic Wastewater, Field Scale, Subsurface Flow.

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