Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Occurrence, Severity and Association of Fungal Pathogen, Botrydiplodia theobromae with Sudden Death or Decline of Tree Bean (Parkia timoriana, (DC.) Merr) in North Eastern India


Affiliations
1 ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
2 ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelphat 795 004, India
 

Tree bean, Parkia timoriana is one of the most important perennial tree legume vegetable crops in north eastern region (NER) of India. Recently, sudden death or decline is emerging as a major constraint in the production of tree bean. The prevalence, intensity and etiology of this disease have not been extensively studied. The present work was aimed at studying the symptomology, severity and etiology of sudden death or decline of tree bean in the north eastern region of India. Typical symptoms of tree bean decline were initiated with wilting of half portion of the tree, excessive shedding of leaves, gradual drying up leading to death, and secondary infestation by insects on dead trees. The highest disease severity of 68.5% was observed in warmer regions like Kolasib, Mizoram. During survey, small bark borer was recorded in all districts and levels of infestation rate (holes/ft2 of log) reached maximum up to 25.49 in Hnanthial of Lunglei district. Young trees in the range 1–10 years with 57.32% (917 trees) of total trees (1600) infected were most susceptible to the disease compared to 12.58% (201 trees) infection in old trees in the range 21–30 years. The frequently associated pathogen with sudden death or decline of tree bean was identified as Botrydiplodia theobromae at the Indian Type Culture Collection, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. It was the most aggressive species and proven to be pathogenic to tree bean following artificial inoculation.

Keywords

Botrydiplodia theobromae, North Eastern India, Parkia timoriana, Sudden Death or Decline Disease, Tree Bean.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Singh, R., Yadav, D. S. and Singh, T. R., Bio-diversity in tree bean (Parkia roxburghii). Proceeding of the International Workshop on Agroforestry and Forest Products, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 28–30 November 2000.
  • Rocky, P., Sahoo, U. K. and Thapa, H. S., Livelihood generation through tree beans (Parkia roxburghii G.Don) in Imphal West district of Manipur. J. Nontimb. For. Prod., 2004, 11(2), 135–139.
  • Longvah, T. and Deosthale, Y. G., Nutrient composition and food potential of Parkia roxburghii: a lesser known tree legume of north east India. Food Chem., 1998, 62, 477–481.
  • Narendra, B. H., Roshetko, J. M., Tata, H. L. and Mulyoutami, E., Prioritizing underutilized tree species for domestication in smallholder systems of West Java. Small-Scale For., 2012; doi:10.1007/ s11842-012-9227-x.
  • Meitei, W. I. and Jayalakshmi, H., Production strategies of tree bean (Parkia roxburghii) in North eastern states, Rai Probin Press, Imphal, Manipur, India, 2005.
  • Priya, E. and Soibam, G. S., Effect of processing on the proximate composition of immature seed of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr (Yongchak). J. North East Foods, 2007, 7, 1–7.
  • Salam, J. S., Priyadarshi, S., Kumar, S. P. and Dutta, B. K., Effect of processing methods on secondary metabolites and enzyme inhibitors in different developmental stages of Parkia roxburghii G. Don Pods. Am. J. Food Technol., 2014, 9, 89–96; 10.3923/ ajft.2014.89.96.
  • Salam, J. S., Parkia roxbhurghii. G. Don, a potential oil yielding plant of Manipur. Agric. Sci. Digest, 1996, 16, 189–191.
  • Surendranath, S. T., Identification of Strategy for Mapping of Science and Technology Needs in a State: A Project Compilation Report, Manipur Science and Technology Council (MSTC), Central Jail Road, Imphal 795001, Manipur, 2007, p. 137.
  • Thangjam, R. and Sahoo, L., In vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr.: a multipurpose tree legume. Acta Physiol. Plant, 2012, 34, 1207–1215.
  • The Sangai Express., Withering Yongchak: CAU scientists make major breakthrough; http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..290908.sep08 2008 (accessed on 5 October 2017).
  • The Sangai Express., Myamnar rakes the moolah from Yongchak trade; http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/myamnar-rakes-moolah-yongchak-trade/2016 (accessed on 5 October 2017)
  • Firake, D. M., Venkatesh, A., Firake, P. D., Behere, G. T. and Azad Thakur, N. S., Parkia roxburghii: an underutilized but multipurpose tree species for reclamation of jhum land. Curr. Sci., 2013, 104(12), 1598–1599.
  • Rahul, A., Parkia roxburghii: Can it be identified as an indicator of climate change? The reason behind the cause of annihilation, 2012; http://thepeopleschronicle.in/?p=15599 (accessed on 5 November 2017).
  • Rajesh, K., Ashwani, T. and Borah, R. K., Identification and controlling of verticillium wilt infecting Parkia roxburghii seedling in Manipur India. Res. J. Forest., 2012; doi:10.3923/rjf.2012.
  • Masood, A., Saeed, S. and Erbilgin, N., Role of stressful mango host conditions in attraction and colonization by the mango bark borer, Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and in the symptom development of quick decline on mango trees in Pakistan. Entomol. Res., 2010, 40, 317– 327.
  • Masood, A., Saeed, S., Silveira, Silvaldo Felipe Da, Akem, C. N., Hussain, N. and Farooq, M., Quick decline of mango in Pakistan: survey and pathogenicity of fungi isolated from mango tree and bark borer. Pak. J. Bot., 2011, 43, 1793–1798.
  • Sticklen, M. B., Bolyard, M. G. Hajela, R. K. and Duchesne, L. C., Molecular and cellular aspects of Dutch elm disease. Phytoprotection, 1991, 72, 1–13.
  • Kim, M. S., Hohenlohe, P. A., Kim, K. H., Seo, S. T. and Klopfenstein, N. B., Genetic diversity and population structure of Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae, a fungus associated with oak mortality in South Korea. Forest. Pathol., 2016, 46, 164–167.
  • Kim, K. H., Choi, Y. J., Seo, S. T. and Shin, H. D., Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae sp. nov. associated with Platypus koryoensis on oak in Korea. Mycotaxon, 2009, 110, 189–197.
  • McKinney, H. H., Influences of soil temperature and moisture in inhibition of wheat seedling by Helminthosporium sativum. J. Agric. Res., 1923, 26(2), 171–179.
  • Pisani, C., Ploetz, R. C., Stover, E., Ritenour, M. A. and Scully, B., Laurel Wilt in Avocado: review of an emerging disease. Int. J. Plant. Biol. Res., 2015, 3(3), 10–43.
  • Rivera Vargas, L. I., Lugo-Noel, Y., Mcgovern, R. J., Seijo, V. and Davis, M. J., Occurrence and distribution of Colletotrichum spp., on Mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Puerto Rico and Florida, USA. J. Plant Pathol., 2006, 5(2), 191–198.
  • Prakash, O. and Srivastava, K. C., Diseases caused by Fungi: Mango Diseases and their Control. Today & Tomorrow′s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 1987.
  • Shah, M. D., Verma, K. S., Kuldeep Singh and Kaur, R., Genetic diversity and gene flow estimates among three populations of Botryodiplodia theobromae causing die-back and bark canker of pear in Punjab, Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 2011, 44(10), 951– 960.
  • Shah, M. D., Verma, K. S., Singh, K. and Kaur, R., Morphological, pathological, molecular variability in Botryodiplodia theobromae (Botryosphaeriaceae) isolates associated with die-back and bark canker of pear trees in Punjab, India. Genet. Mol. Res., 2010, 9, 1217–1228.
  • Latha, P. and Prakasam, V., Molecular variability in Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing collar and ischolar_main rot in physic nut (Jatropha curcas). J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 2012, 42, 356–360.
  • Pavlic, D., Slippes, B., Cautinho, T. A., Gryzenhout, M. and Wingfield, M. J., The Botryosphaeriaceae occurring on the Syzgium cordatum in South Africa and their potential threat to Eucalyptus. Plant Pathol., 2007, 56, 624–636.
  • Alves, A., Crous, P. W., Correia, A. and Phillips, A. J. L., Morphological and molecular data reveal cryptic speciation in Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Fungal Divers., 2008, 28, 1–13.
  • Phillips, A. J. L., Alves, A., Abdollahzadeh, J., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M. J., Groenewald, J. Z. and Crous, P. W., The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Stud. Mycol., 2013, 76, 151–167.
  • Koch, R., The etiology of tuberculosis. In Carter KC, translator. Essays of Robert Koch. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987, pp. 83–96.
  • Masood, A., Saeed, S. and Sajjad, A., Characterization and damage patterns of different bark borer species associated with mango sudden death syndrome in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. Entomol., 2008, 30(2), 163–168.
  • Parkash, O. and Srivastava, K. C., Diseases caused by Fungi: Mango Diseases and their Control, Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 1987.
  • Saha, A., Mandal, P., Dasgupta, S. and Saha, D., Influence of culture media and environmental factors on mycelial growth and sporulation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. J. Environ. Biol., 2008, 29(3), 407–410.
  • Kumar, S. K., Suresh, V. R., Nagachan, S. V. and Singh, T. R., Tree bean: a potential multipurpose tree. Indian Hortic., 2002, 47(4), 10–11.

Abstract Views: 304

PDF Views: 109




  • Occurrence, Severity and Association of Fungal Pathogen, Botrydiplodia theobromae with Sudden Death or Decline of Tree Bean (Parkia timoriana, (DC.) Merr) in North Eastern India

Abstract Views: 304  |  PDF Views: 109

Authors

A. Ratankumar Singh
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
S. K. Dutta
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
S. B. Singh
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
T. Boopathi
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
S. Lungmuana
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
S. Saha
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
Vishambhar Dayal
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib 796 081, India
Romila Akoijam
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelphat 795 004, India
S. K. Sharma
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelphat 795 004, India
N. Hemanta Singh
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelphat 795 004, India

Abstract


Tree bean, Parkia timoriana is one of the most important perennial tree legume vegetable crops in north eastern region (NER) of India. Recently, sudden death or decline is emerging as a major constraint in the production of tree bean. The prevalence, intensity and etiology of this disease have not been extensively studied. The present work was aimed at studying the symptomology, severity and etiology of sudden death or decline of tree bean in the north eastern region of India. Typical symptoms of tree bean decline were initiated with wilting of half portion of the tree, excessive shedding of leaves, gradual drying up leading to death, and secondary infestation by insects on dead trees. The highest disease severity of 68.5% was observed in warmer regions like Kolasib, Mizoram. During survey, small bark borer was recorded in all districts and levels of infestation rate (holes/ft2 of log) reached maximum up to 25.49 in Hnanthial of Lunglei district. Young trees in the range 1–10 years with 57.32% (917 trees) of total trees (1600) infected were most susceptible to the disease compared to 12.58% (201 trees) infection in old trees in the range 21–30 years. The frequently associated pathogen with sudden death or decline of tree bean was identified as Botrydiplodia theobromae at the Indian Type Culture Collection, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. It was the most aggressive species and proven to be pathogenic to tree bean following artificial inoculation.

Keywords


Botrydiplodia theobromae, North Eastern India, Parkia timoriana, Sudden Death or Decline Disease, Tree Bean.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv115%2Fi6%2F1133-1142