Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr <div id="i-scholerabout">Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (AJPRes.) is an international, peer-reviewed journal, devoted to pharmaceutical sciences.</div> A & V Publications en-US Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2231-5683 The Effect of the Feeding System on the Antioxidant Activity of Camel Urine https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/218931 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Camel urine has been widely used in the biomedical field as a traditional healing liquid for several health disorders, this study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of camel urine and its association with the breeding and the feeding system. Urine samples were collected from domestic (from private farms) and desertic camels, where spectrophotometric method was chosen to evaluate the phenolic, flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity. As results, it was found from the applied testes that the antioxidant activity of the camel urine is very important, where both types of urine illustrated a very low EC50. However, it has been found that the significant anti-radical activity and a reducing power of urine of domesticated camels fed in private farms was higher than the urine of desertic camels. concluding that the consumption and usage of camel urine can contribute to the </span>prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress.</p></div></div></div></div></div> Sara Hasni Aminata Khelil Salma Habita Kamilia Bireche Zineb Mahcene Zakaria Boual Abdulatef M Ahhmed 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 In-Silico Study of Phytoconstituents From Tribulus terrestris As Potential Anti-Psoriatic Agent https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/218932 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Introduction</span><span>: Psoriasis (Ps) is a well-known chronic non-infectious, inflammatory skin disease affecting about 2</span><span>–</span><span>3% of the worldwide Population. Pathogenesis includes the environmental trigger factors with other factors like genetic factors, trauma, chemicals, bacterial infection etc. Currently there is no drug which can permanently cure the skin lesions as well as completely eradicate this dermatosis. The purpose of this research is to investigate the anti-psoriatic activity of phytoconstituents of </span><em>Tribulus terrestris </em><span>by predicting the ligand-receptor binding and by predicting the ADMET parameters using Lipinski's rule. </span><span>Methodology</span><span>: The process of research work starts with protein and ligand structure preparation. Further docking was done using PyRxAutodock Vina. Afterward, analysis and visualisation of the interaction between protein-ligands was done, and ADMET profiling was carried out according to lipinski's rules using Swiss ADME. </span><span>Result</span><span>: we selected four phytoconstituents of </span><em>Tribulus terrestris</em><span>. Molecular docking simulation showed all four compounds had better binding affinities. Based on the results of prediction of ADMET values using the Lipinski rule, compound that are thought to have good activity. </span><span>Conclusion</span><span>: Based on results these molecules have discovered that they may be able to produce anti-psoriatic activity and found that they have a lower toxicity, and ADME analysis determined the easily absorbability to the tissue site. Hence, these compounds can be analysed by further in vitro studies and can be a leader in the designing of the potential drug for the psoriasis management. </span></p></div></div></div> Ravindra Gaikwad Sanket Rathod Anilkumar Shinde 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 In-Vitro Screening Of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Fungal And Anti-Oxidant Activities Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Of Anthocephalus cadamba https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/218933 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><em>Anthocephalus cadamba</em><span>, Rubiaceae, is a medicinal herb of great importance for traditional applications against several disease kinds. Because of the range of compounds, the genus Anthocephalus is regarded as one of the most significant genus utilised in many medical systems. The plant was chemically investigated for its phytoconstituents in the current analysis, </span><span><em>Anthocephalus</em> <em>cadamba</em></span><span>. The results for steroids, flavanoids, tannins and glycosides were shown to be positive. Bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtiliis and Escherichia coli, have been moderately actively monopolised. Antifungal activity at doses of 100mg/ml, 300mg/ml with fungal organisms, was observed in the ethanol leaves extract. Plant ethanol extract had a substantial impact on the hydrogen peroxide radical activity of scavenging and less effects than the standard of nitric oxide radical activity. </span></p></div></div></div> Nalla Priyanka M. Srikanth Raveendra Babu M. Sowjanya V . Ramya Sri M. Vasanthi K. Sri Lakshmi Bhargavi Y. Tirupathaiah K. Mohana Sri Vasavi N. Raviteja 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Development and Characterization of Hydrogel Containing Finasteride https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219027 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The major goal of this study was to create a controlled-release dosage form utilizing a cellulose-based hydrogel that was cross-linked with propylene glycol. Hydrogels were made by crosslinking the polymer Sodium Alginate + Na CMC with propylene glycol, a suitable crosslinking agent. There is no indication of interaction between the medication, polymers, and other excipients, according to an IR and DSC analysis. The hydrogel gave good swelling and controlled release properties due to the cross linking process. The effect of Calcium Chloride concentration on drug content and t</span><span>75 </span><span>percent CDR was found to be non-significant based on the findings. However, the influence of Calcium Chloride concentration on swelling index was substantial, indicating that as Calcium Chloride concentration rose, the swelling index of the hydrogel decreased. Again, the effect of response time on drug content and t</span><span>75 </span><span>of percent CDR was substantial, implying that as reaction time rose, drug content and t</span><span>75 </span><span>of percent CDR of hydrogel increased as well. However, the effect of response time on the swelling index was not statistically significant. Drug content, swelling index, and t</span><span>75 </span><span>of percent CDR of run BB1 are the best than compared with based on all responses. This run's drug content, swelling index, and t</span><span>75 </span><span>percent CDR are respectively 99.5 percent, 276.64 percent, and 3.5 hrs. So BB1 was used to test the improved formulation, which produced the best </span><span><em>in vitro</em> </span><span>release of 94.24 percent in 6hrs. Different kinetic models were fitted to the </span><em>in vitro </em><span>data which showed the best model was higuchi with non-fickian mode of drug release and stability data showed that the formulations were stable during the time span of the study. From the study it was concluded that the prepared hydrogel can provide a sustained release effect with better bioavailability which will surely enhance its absorption throughout the body. </span></p></div></div></div> Wajid Ahmad Rihan Jawed 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Haemovigilance Among Health Care Professionals in North Karnataka https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219051 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Haemovigilance Programme of India was launched in 2012 with the purpose to identify, analyse and learn the complications related to transfusion and blood donation, in order to avoid such complications in future. It is essential to identify the adverse transfusion reactions to reduce the incidence and make transfusion easier. Thereare rare reports available about knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professionals towards haemovigilance. A prospective questionnaire survey was conducted for a period of three months in 100 Healthcare Professionals. Data was collected using pre-validated questionnaire and that questionnaire emphasized on knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare professionals towards haemovigilance. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. From all the Participants, most of them were in the age group of 20-30 years i.e., 64% and 36% were physicians and 34% pharmacists. Among them 67% were aware about Haemovigilance and 64% did not have knowledge about how to report transfusion reaction. From the depicted results 44% had </span><span>documented blood transfusion reaction, 56% didn’t document. Factors discouraging reaction, 56% of them had </span><span>fear of consequences and 56% healthcare professionals said that due to lack of time they </span><span>didn’t report any </span><span>transfusion reaction. 86% participants opted thathealth care professionals should be trained in reporting. Most of healthcare professionals have a positive attitude towards transfusion reaction reporting but knowledge regarding the haemovigilance concept was poor and the majority of them never reported adverse transfusion reaction. There is a need for training program to strengthen the haemovigilance system, especially adverse transfusion reaction reporting. </span></p></div></div></div> Binu K M Asma Parveen Biradar Nikita Naman Kumar Jain Pund Aniket N H Doddayya 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Management of Head and Neck Cancer by Rajyoga: Spiritual Healing https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219057 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of human beings and is a major cause of death. In cancer cells loose the property of contact inhibition and they undergo uncontrolled growth. As a result of this cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called Tumor. There are two types of tumor Benign and malignant. Various causes involve physical, chemical, or biological agents called carcinogens for example x-ray, UV rays, tobacco smoke, certain viruses like HPV. Cancer detection is done mainly by radiography, antibodies against cancer-specific cells. Cancer Healing By Raj Yoga. </span></p></div></div></div> Brahma Kumar Suraj Kumar Brahma Kumar Jogander Singh Niranjan Ritika Gupta 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 A Retrospective Study of Warning letters Issued by US FDA Over 2019-2021 https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219061 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) is a department of health and human services federal agency. If the FDA notices major violations of federal regulations, it sends warning letters to pharmaceutical makers, distributors, and clinical investigators. The nature of the infractions discovered, as well as the FDA's proposed corrective activities, are detailed in these warning letters. Following the completion of the corrective activities, the recipient may request a follow-up inspection. This review article examines the current state of warning letters issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2019 to 2021. The main goal of this study is to examine warning letters related to drug and determine what the significant violations. </span></p></div></div></div> Ashok B. Patel Bhumi K. Jinja Amit Kumar J. Vyas Nilesh K. Patel Ajay I. Patel Devang B. Sheth Sunny R. Shah 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Formulation and Evaluation of Yohimbine HCl Proliposomal Gels https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219069 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The study was aimed to develop a proliposomal formulation for anti- inflammatory drug Yohimbine HCl. Proliposomes with various concentrations of mannitol, phospholipid and cholesterol were prepared using thin- film hydration technique (vacuum rotatory evaporator). The optimization of proliposomal formulation was achieved based on Average size, Entrapment efficiency and drug content. The proliposomal formulation was incorporated in the gel (carbopol) and characterized for their rheology and </span><span><em>in vitro</em> </span><span>drug release studies. The results of formulations revealed that maximum entrapment efficiency was dependent on phospholipid and cholesterol concentration. Rheological studies revealed that the proliposome formulation containing 2% w/w carbopol is stable for topical drug delivery. The </span><em>In-vitro </em><span>studies revealed that proliposomal gel formulation exhibits increased skin permeation showing sustain release when compared to that of pure drug. </span></p></div></div></div> Wajid Ahmad Rihan Jawed 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Antifungal Activity of Senna alata – A Review https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219076 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><em>Senna alata </em><span>is one of the species of Senna plant from the family of Fabaceae. It is not only the ornamental plant but also possesses many medicinal activities. Antifungal, antibacterial, laxation, hypoglycaemic and diuretic are some of the activities and properties shown by </span><span><em>Senna alata</em> </span><span>plant. Antifungal properties of this plant are considered asimportant and beneficial in medical field. </span><span><em>Senna</em> <em>alata</em></span><span>consists of a variety of compounds in different parts of plant in which anthraquinones and aglycones are important antifungal compounds. These compounds play a major role in antifungal potential just because of significant moieties present in their structures. Extracts of </span><em>Senna alata </em><span>plant are used for treatment of various skin diseases and it proves to be best alternative to synthetic antifungal medicines. In present review article, we summarized the </span><em>Senna alata </em><span>antifungal activity by using different techniques, its beneficial effects on humans, its chemical constituents and its applications in pharmaceutical industries. </span></p></div></div></div> Muhammad Hamza Ashfaq Muhammad Yousaf 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Rheumatoid Arthritis, a Laconic Review to Understand Their Basic Concept and Management Process https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219077 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory illness characterized by joint stiffness, bone and cartilage destruction, and swelling above the joints. The condition is linked to chemicals found within the major histocompatibility complex, also as T-cells that are hooked in to them. The condition is more severe in women than in men, also as within the elderly population. The effects of gender on the clinical course of the disease are studied, but the results are mixed. The factor like genetic, environmental, smoking, and age of a person were </span><span>trigger’s the rheumatoid arthritis. The other clinical complications were observed in patients with rheumatoid </span><span>arthritis which includes depression, infection, malignancy, cardiovascular disorder, pulmonary disease etc. According to research, RA risk might be impacted by a genetic predisposition, environmental factors, or a combination of both. Immune cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages have long been thought to have a role in the development of RA involved in pathological mechanism. Rheumatoid arthritis have been diagnosed by imaging with colour doppler sonography or gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can detect the presence of osynovitis, and serologic testing for auto-antibodies and APRs was required to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. To cure and prevent the patients form rheumatoid arthritis it is very necessary to take suitable treatment. So, in present work we also highlighted the available drugs used for the treatment of RA. The first line therapy agents include Non-steroidalantiinflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids. The second line agents used in RA are Disease modifying Antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). The patients having age more than 60 years also need surgery to cure rheumatoid arthritis. To decrease the side effects from some potent agents include methotrexate the vitamin D, folic acid, and dietary supplements were used with treatment. So, this </span><span>review article helps the researcher’s to understa</span><span>nd the basic overview of rheumatoid arthritis, causes, other disease development, and management process with regards to available FDA approved therapeutics, and published patents. </span></p></div></div></div> Sweta Archana Chaudhary Vinay Pandit M. S. Ashawat Tarun Kumar 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Overview on Functionality Added Co-processed Excipients for Orodispersible Tablets https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219078 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Orally disintegrating tablets are an emerging trend in novel drug delivery system and have received ever increasing demand during the last few decades. Orally disintegrating tablets ODTs are the dosage form which will disintegrate in mouth within seconds without need of water. This type of property in dosage form can be attained by addition of different varieties of excipients. But the number of fillers/binders/disintegrant which can be used for ODT formulations is limited because these bulk excipients have to fulfill special requirements, such as being soluble in water, pleasant taste, mouth feel, sweetness, and rapid dispersibility. In recent years drug formulation scientists have recognized that single component excipients do not always provide the requisite performance to allow certain active pharmaceutical ingredients to be formulated or manufactured adequately. New combinations of existing excipients are an interesting option for improving excipient functionality now a day. In excipient</span><span>s mannitol is used as diluents but now a day’s modified mannitol is available which give </span><span>extensive flow, compression and rapid dispersibility to the tablet e.g. like Orocell, Mannogem EZ, and Pearlitol SD 200. The current review article is prepared to have a look over the recent development in excipient technology and the approaches involved in development of such excipients. It emphasizes on the different examples of functionality added materialsalso called as multifunctional co processed excipients available in market such as Ludiflash, Pharmburst, and F- MELT. </span></p></div></div></div> Sanjay S. Patel Siddhi V. Shah 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 A Comprehensive Review on Targeted Drug Delivery System https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219079 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Drug delivery is the method or process of administering a pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or animals. For the treatment of human diseases, nasal and pulmonary routes of drug delivery are gaining increasing importance. These routes provide promising alternatives to parenteral drug delivery particularly for peptide and protein therapeutics. For this purpose, several drug delivery systems have been formulated and are being investigated for nasal and pulmonary delivery. These include liposomes, proliposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs, and cyclodextrins, among others. Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers show assurance in fulfilling the stringent requirements placed on these delivery systems, such as ability to be transferred into an aerosol, stability against forces generated during aerosolization, biocompatibility, targeting of specific sites or cell populations in the lung, release of the drug in a predetermined manner, and degradation within an acceptable period of time. </span></p></div></div></div> Wajid Ahmad Taimur Khan Imran Basit Javed Imran 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Graphene Quantum Dots: A Pharmaceutical Review https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219083 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Quantum dots (QDs) possess exclusive physicochemical and optical properties which are suitable for devices like, optoelectronic devices, light-emitting diodes, and photovoltaic cells. Compared to the selenium and tellurium/metasulfide- based QDs, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are less toxic and have more biocompatibility, these properties make them ideal candidates for the application in various fields like, drug delivery agents, bio-imaging, therapeutics, and theranostics. Different types of methods for the synthesis of GQDs like top-down and bottom-up methods are systematically deliberated in this study. Different physicochemical, optical, and biological properties are included in this particular text. These properties include size- and chemical-composition-dependent fluorescence, therapeutics, cellular toxicity, disease diagnostics, and biocompatibility. At last, predictions and possible directions of GQDs in drug delivery and bioimaging systems are deliberated concerning challenges such as synthesis, biocompatibility, and cellular toxicity. </span></p></div></div></div> Shital Shinde Aniket Patil Ravindra Gaikwad 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Particle Engineering for Customized Drug Particles and Its Applications https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219086 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Particle engineering is a technique that involves the customization of particles in order to get desired properties of the pharmaceutical products. The use of particle engineering is in obtaining optimum particle size and particle size distribution and getting particles of desired size. The other aspects of the particle engineering involves the morphological changes of the drug substances. The particle engineering involves improvement of physicochemical properties such as solubility, stability, improved bioavailability and formulation of novel drug delivery systems such as pulmonary drug delivery system. This article includes various techniques used for the particle engineering such as Micronization, Spray drying, high pressure homogenization, Supercritical fluid technology and freeze drying. Article also covers the different uses of particle engineering in pharmaceutical industry. </span></p></div></div></div> Niraj Kale Ketaki Shinde Sonam Bendre Suhit Gilda 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12 Audit Trail in Pharma: A Review https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/Ajpr/article/view/219089 <div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>“Audit trail” (also known as audit log) manage</span><span>ment in the pharmaceutical industry has become an integral part of the quality system because of the current international regulatory demand associated with a pharmaceutical </span>product. Regulators, industry, and standards-setting organizations have recognized the significance of an audit trial, as it is associated with data integrity problems. Industries need to rely more on a risk-based approach to the review of audit trails and establish more nimble and flexible standards to complement these efforts. Pharmaceutical audits by governing bodies issued warning letters to many companies, and they have recognized that quality needs to be built into systems and processes throughout the lifecycle of the product. The audit trails feature is a key source and helps manufacturers to minimize the risk, to maintain the reliability, and security of electronic data to recover lost data. The review study shares some insight into the anatomy of an audit trail, what are its benefits that are associated with various regulatory agencies, the review of an audit trial, and how to best comply with audit trial. This article reiterates an interpretation that an audit trial feature plays a vital role to assure compliance.</p><div class="page" title="Page 1"> <div class="page" title="Page 1"> <div class="page" title="Page 1"> </div></div></div></div></div></div> Amit Saxena 2022-10-01 2022-10-01 12